Herbal medicine, a reliable support in COVID therapy

References

• Cao, X.;. COVID-19: Immunopathology and Its Implications for Therapy. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2020, 20, 269–270. DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0308-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, Y.; Wang, Y.; Shao, C.; Huang, J.; Gan, J.; Huang, X.; Bucci, E.; Piacentini, M.; Ippolito, G.; Melino, G. COVID-19 Infection: The Perspectives on Immune Responses. Cell Death Differ. 2020, 27(5), 1451–1454. DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jose, R.; Manuel, A. COVID-19 Cytokine Storm: The Interplay between Inflammation and Coagulation. Lancet Respir. Med. 2020, 8(6), e46–e47. Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30216-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantin, C.; Neagu, M.; Supeanu, T.; Chiurciu, V.; Spandidos, D. IgY - Turning the Page toward Passive Immunization in COVID-19 Infection. Exp. Ther. Med. 2020, 20, 151–158. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, L.; Jiang, J.; Wang, C.; Fitzgerald, M.; Hu, W.; Zhou, Y.; Zhang, H.; Chen, S. Analysis on Herbal Medicines Utilized for Treatment of COVID-19. Acta Pharm. Sin B. 2020, 10(7), 1192–1204. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.05.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ang, L.; Lee, H. W.; Choi, J. Y.; Zhang, J.; Lee, M. S. Herbal Medicine and Pattern Identification for Treating COVID-19: A Rapid Review of Guidelines. Integr. Med. Res. 2020, 9(2), 100407. DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benarba, B.; Pandiella, A. Medicinal Plants as Sources of Active Molecules against COVID-19. Front. Pharmacol. 2020, 11, 1189. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silveira, D.; Prieto-Garcia, J. M.; Boylan, F.; Estrada, O.; Fonseca-Bazzo, Y. M.; Jamal, C. M.; Magalhães, P. O.; Oliveira, E.; Tomczyk, M.; Heinrich, M. COVID-19: Is There Evidence for the Use of Herbal Medicines as Adjuvant Symptomatic Therapy? Front. Pharmacol. 2020, 11, 1479. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.581840).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanna, K.; Kohli, S. K.; Kaur, R.; Bhardwaj, A.; Bhardwaj, V.; Ohri, P.; Sharma, A.; Ahmad, A.; Bhardwaj, R.; Ahmad, P. Herbal Immune-boosters: Substantial Warriors of Pandemic Covid-19 Battle. Phytomedicine. 2020, 153361. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153361.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El Alami, A.; Fattah, A.; Chait, A. Medicinal Plants Used for the Prevention Purposes during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Morocco. J. Anal. Sci. Appl. Biotech. 2020, 2(1), 4–11.
   Google Scholar
• Li, L. C.; Zhang, Z. H.; Zhou, W. C.; Chen, J.; Jin, H. Q.; Fang, H. M.; Chen, Q.; Jin, Y. C.; Qu, J.; Kan, L. D. Lianhua Qingwen Prescription for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment: Advances and Prospects. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2020, 130, 110641. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redeploying Plant Defenses. Nat. Plants. 2020, 6, 177. DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0628-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lythgoe, M.; Middleton, P. Ongoing Clinical Trials for the Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2020, 41(6), 363–382. DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.03.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X.; Zhang, M.; He, L.; Li, Y. Chinese Herbs Combined with Western Medicine for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012, 10, CD004882.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woo, P. C.; Wang, M.; Lau, S. K.; Xu, H.; Poon, R. W.; Guo, R.; Wong, B. H.; Gao, K.; Tsoi, H. W.; Huang, Y.; et al. Comparative Analysis of Twelve Genomes of Three Novel Group 2c and Group 2d Coronaviruses Reveals Unique Group and Subgroup Features. J. Virol. 2007, 81(4), 1574–1585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo, P. C.; Lau, S. K.; Lam, C. S.; Lau, C. C.; Tsang, A. K.; Lau, J. H.; Bai, R.; Teng, J. L.; Tsang, C. C.; Wang, M.; et al. Discovery of Seven Novel Mammalian and Avian Coronaviruses in the Genus Deltacoronavirus Supports Bat Coronaviruses as the Gene Source of Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus and Avian Coronaviruses as the Gene Source of Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. J. Virol. 2012, 86(7), 3995–4008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, H. J.; Ryou, Y. B.; Kim, Y. M.; Song, N.; Kim, C. Y.; Rho, M. C.; Jeong, J. H.; Cho, K. O.; Lee, W. S.; Park, S. J. In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Phlorotannins Isolated from Ecklonia Cava against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Coronavirus Infection and Hemagglutination. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2019, 201321(15), 4706–4713.
   Google Scholar
• Sundararajan, A.; Ganapathy, R.; Huan, L.; Dunlap, J. R.; Webby, R. J.; Kotwal, G. J.; Sangster, M. Y. Influenza Virus Variation in Susceptibility to Inactivation by Pomegranate Polyphenols Is Determined by Envelope Glycoproteins. Antiviral Res. 2010, 88(1), 1–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.06.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang, M.; Jiang, H.; Suzuki, Y.; Li, X.; Xiao, P.; Tanaka, T.; Ling, H.; Yang, B.; Saitoh, H.; Zhang, L.; et al. Procyanidins and Butanol Extract of Cinnamomi Cortex Inhibit SARS-CoV Infection. Antiviral Res. 2009, 82(1), 73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, H. J.; Kim, J. H.; Lee, C. H.; Ahn, Y. J.; Song, J. H.; Baek, S. H.; Kwon, D. H. Antiviral Activity of Quercetin 7-rhamnoside against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Antiviral Res. 2009, 81(1), 77–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.10.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, J. H.; Shim, J. K.; Choi, H. J. Quercetin 7-rhamnoside Reduces Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Replication via Independent Pathway of Viral Induced Reactive Oxygen Species. Virol. J. 2011, 4(8), 460. DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-8-460.
   Google Scholar
• Lelešius, R.; Karpovaitė, A.; Mickienė, R.; Drevinskas, T.; Tiso, N.; Ragažinskienė, O.; Kubilienė, L.; Maruška, A.; Šalomskas, A. In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Fifteen Plant Extracts against Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus. BMC Vet. Res. 2019, 15(1), 178. DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1925-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen, C.; Zuckerman, D. M.; Brantley, S.; Sharpe, M.; Childress, K.; Hoiczyk, E.; Pendleton, A. R. Sambucus Nigra Extracts Inhibit Infectious Bronchitis Virus at an Early Point during Replication. BMC Vet. Res. 2014, 16(10), 24. DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-24.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, S. C.; Ho, C. T.; Chuo, W. H.; Li, S.; Wang, T. T.; Lin, C. C. Effective Inhibition of MERS-CoV Infection by Resveratrol. BMC Infect. Dis. 2017, 17(1), 144. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2253-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thabti, I.; Albert, Q.; Philippot, S.; Dupire, F.; Westerhuis, B.; Fontanay, S.; Risler, A.; Kassab, T.; Elfalleh, W.; Aferchichi, A.; et al. Advances on Antiviral Activity of Morus Spp. Plant Extracts: Human Coronavirus and Virus-Related Respiratory Tract Infections in the Spotlight. Molecules. 2020, 25, 1876. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, P. W.; Ng, L. T.; Chiang, L. C.; Lin, C. C. Antiviral Effects of Saikosaponins on Human Coronavirus 229E in Vitro. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2006, 33(7), 612–616. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04415.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J. L.; Ha, T. K.; Dhodary, B.; Pyo, E.; Nguyen, N. H.; Cho, H.; Kim, E.; Oh, W. K. Oleanane Triterpenes from the Flowers of Camellia Japonica Inhibit Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) Replication. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58(3), 1268–1280. DOI: 10.1021/jm501567f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. W.; Ha, T. K.; Cho, H.; Kim, E.; Shim, S. H.; Yang, J. L.; Oh, W. K. Antiviral Escin Derivatives from the Seeds of Aesculus Turbinata Blume (Japanese Horse Chestnut). Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2017, 27(13), 3019–3025. DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, F. R.; Yen, C. T.; Ei-Shazly, M.; Lin, W. H.; Yen, M. H.; Lin, K. H.; Wu, Y. C. Anti-human Coronavirus (Anti-hcov) Triterpenoids from the Leaves of Euphorbia Neriifolia. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2012, 7(11), 1415–1417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, M. T.;. Potential Benefits of Combination of Nigella Sativa and Zn Supplements to Treat COVID-19. J. Herb. Med. 2020, 23, 100382. DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyaerts, E.; Vijgen, L.; Pannecouque, C.; Van Damme, E.; Peumans, W.; Egberink, H.; Balzarini, J.; Van Ranst, M. Plant Lectins are Potent Inhibitors of Coronaviruses by Interfering with Two Targets in the Viral Replication Cycle. Antiviral Res. 2007, 75(3), 179–187. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.03.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asif, M.; Saleem, M.; Saadullah, M.; Yaseen, H. S.; Al Zarzour, R. COVID-19 and Therapy with Essential Oils Having Antiviral, Anti-inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Properties. Inflammopharmacol. 2020, 28, 1153–1161. DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00744-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loizzo, M. R.; Saab, A. M.; Tundis, R.; Statti, G. A.; Menichini, F.; Lampronti, I.; Gambari, R.; Cinatl, J.; Doerr, H. W. Phytochemical Analysis and in Vitro Antiviral Activities of the Essential Oils of Seven Lebanon Species. Chem. Biodivers. 2008, 5(3), 461–470. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S. Y.; Chen, C.; Zhang, H. Q.; Guo, H. Y.; Wang, H.; Wang, L.; Zhang, X.; Hua, S. N.; Yu, J.; Xiao, P. G.; et al. Identification of Natural Compounds with Antiviral Activities against SARS-associated Coronavirus. Antiviral Res. 2005, 67(1), 18–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, C. W.; Lee, Y. Z.; Kang, I. J.; Barnard, D. L.; Jan, J. T.; Lin, D., .; Huang, C. W.; Yeh, T. K.; Chao, Y. S.; Lee, S. J. Identification of Phenanthroindolizines and Phenanthroquinolizidines as Novel Potent Anti-coronaviral Agents for Porcine Enteropathogenic Coronavirus Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus and Human Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Antiviral Res. 2010, 88(2), 160–168. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.08.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh, L. E.; Lin, C. N.; Su, B. L.; Jan, T. R.; Chen, C. M.; Wang, C. H.; Lin, D. S., .; Lin, C. T.; Chueh, L. L. Synergistic Antiviral Effect of Galanthus Nivalis Agglutinin and Nelfinavir against Feline Coronavirus. Antiviral Res. 2010, 88(1), 25–30. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.06.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, P.; Liu, X.; Liu, H.; Wang, W.; Liu, X.; Li, X.; Wu, X. Astragalus Polysaccharides Inhibit Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infection by Regulating Viral Replication. Microb. Pathog. 2017, 114, 124–128. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. H.; Park, J. S.; Lee, S. W.; Hwang, S. Y.; Young, B. E.; Choi, H. J. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection: Inhibition by Polysaccharide from Ginkgo Biloba Exocarp and Mode of Its Action. Virus Res. 2015, 195, 148–152. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.09.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meruelo, D.; Lavie, G.; Lavie, D. Therapeutic Agents with Dramatic Antiretroviral Activity and Little Toxicity at Effective Doses: Aromatic Polycyclic Diones Hypericin and Pseudohypericin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 1988, 85(14), 5230–5234. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.14.5230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi, I.; Nakanishi, S.; Kobayashi, E.; Nakano, H.; Suzuki, K.; Tamaoki, T. Hypericin and Pseudohypericin Specifically Inhibit Protein Kinase C: Possible Relation to Their Antiretroviral Activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1989, 165(3), 1207–1212. DOI: 10.1016/0006-291X(89)92730-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, C.; Obermann, W.; Schulte, F. W.; Lange-Grünweller, K.; Oestereich, L.; Elgner, F.; Glitscher, M.; Hildt, E.; Singh, K.; Wendel, H. G.; et al. Comparison of Broad-spectrum Antiviral Activities of the Synthetic Rocaglate CR-31-B (-) and the eIF4A-inhibitor Silvestrol. Antiviral Res. 2020, 175, 104706. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ul Qamar, M.; Alqahtani, S.; Alamri, M.; Chena, L. L. Structural Basis of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and anti-COVID-19 Drug Discovery from Medicinal Plants. J. Pharm. Anal. 2020, 10(4), 313–319. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, T. T.; Woo, H. J.; Kang, H. K.; Nguyen, V. D.; Kim, Y. M.; Kim, D. W.; Ahn, S. A.; Xia, Y.; Kim, D. Flavonoid-mediated Inhibition of SARS Coronavirus 3C-like Protease Expressed in Pichia Pastoris. Biotechnol. Lett. 2012, 34(5), 831–838. DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0845-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu, Y. B.; Jeong, H. J.; Kim, J. H.; Kim, Y. M.; Park, J. Y.; Kim, D.; Nguyen, T. T.; Park, S. J.; Chang, J. S.; Park, K. H.; et al. Biflavonoids from Torreya Nucifera Displaying SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) Inhibition. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2010, 18(22), 7940–7947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L.; Li, J.; Luo, C.; Liu, H.; Xu, W.; Chen, G.; Liew, O. W.; Zhu, W.; Puah, C. M.; Shen, X.; et al. Binding Interaction of Quercetin-3-beta-galactoside and Its Synthetic Derivatives with SARS-CoV 3CL(pro): Structure-activity Relationship Studies Reveal Salient Pharmacophore Features. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2006, 14(24), 8295–8306. DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.09.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J. Y.; Kim, J. H.; Kwon, J. M.; Kwon, H. J.; Jeong, H. J.; Kim, Y. M.; Kim, D.; Lee, W. S.; Ryu, Y. B. Dieckol, a SARS-CoV 3CL(pro) Inhibitor, Isolated from the Edible Brown Algae Ecklonia Cava. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2013, 21(13), 3730–3737. DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J. Y.; Ko, J. A.; Kim, D. W.; Kim, Y. M.; Kwon, H. J.; Jeong, H. J.; Kim, C. Y.; Park, K. H.; Lee, W. S.; Ryu, Y. B. Chalcones Isolated from Angelica Keiskei Inhibit Cysteine Proteases of SARS-CoV. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 2015, 31(1), 23–30. DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.1003215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, C. W.; Tsai, F. J.; Tsai, C. H.; Lai, C. C.; Wan, L.; Ho, T. Y.; Hsieh, C. C.; Chao, P. D. Anti-SARS Coronavirus 3C-like Protease Effects of Isatis Indigotica Root and Plant-derived Phenolic Compounds. Antiviral Res. 2005, 68(1), 36–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.07.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaerunnisa, S.; Kurniawan, H.; Awaluddin, R.; Suhartati, S.; Soetjipto, S. Potential Inhibitor of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) from Several Medicinal Plant Compounds by Molecular Docking Study. Preprints. 2020, 2020030226. DOI: 10.20944/preprints202003.0226.v1.
   Google Scholar
• Luo, W.; Su, X.; Gong, S.; Qin, Y.; Liu, W.; Li, J.; Yu, H.; Xu, Q. Anti-SARS Coronavirus 3C-like Protease Effects of Rheum Palmatum L. Extracts. Biosci. Trends. 2009, 3(4), 124–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen, C. C.; Kuo, Y. H.; Jan, J. T.; Liang, P. H.; Wang, S. Y.; Liu, H. G.; Lee, C. K.; Chang, S. T.; Kuo, C. J. ;.; Lee, S. S.; et al. Specific Plant Terpenoids and Lignoids Possess Potent Antiviral Activities against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50(17), 4087–4095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J. Y.; Kim, J. H.; Kim, Y. M.; Jeong, H. J.; Kim, D. W.; Park, K. H.; Kwon, H. J.; Park, S. J.; Lee, W. S.; Ryu, Y. B. Tanshinones as Selective and Slow-binding Inhibitors for SARS-CoV Cysteine Proteases. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2012, 20(19), 5928–5935. DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu, Y. B.; Park, S. J.; Kim, Y. M.; Lee, J. Y.; Seo, W. D.; Chang, J. S.; Park, K. H.; Rho, M. C.; Lee, W. S. SARS-CoV 3CLpro Inhibitory Effects of Quinone-methide Triterpenes from Tripterygium Regelii. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20(6), 1873–1876. DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, J. K.; Curtis-Long, M. J.; Lee, K. H.; Kim, D. W.; Ryu, H. W.; Yuk, H. J.; Park, K. H. Geranylated Flavonoids Displaying SARS-CoV Papain-like Protease Inhibition from the Fruits of Paulownia Tomentosa. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2013, 21(11), 3051–3057. DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, Y. H.; Kim, D. W.; Curtis-Long, M. J.; Yuk, H. J.; Wang, Y.; Zhuang, N.; Lee, K. H.; Jeon, K. S.; Park, K. H. Papain-like Protease (Plpro) Inhibitory Effects of Cinnamic Amides from Tribulus Terrestris Fruits. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2014, 37(6), 1021–1028. DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D. W.; Seo, K. H.; Curtis-Long, M. J.; Oh, K. Y.; Oh, J. W.; Cho, J. K.; Lee, K. H.; Park, K. H. Phenolic Phytochemical Displaying SARS-CoV Papain-like Protease Inhibition from the Seeds of Psoralea Corylifolia. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 2014, 29(1), 59–63. DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.753591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J. Y.; Yuk, H. J.; Ryu, H. W.; Lim, S. H.; Kim, K. S.; Park, K. H.; Ryu, Y. B.; Lee, W. S. Evaluation of Polyphenols from Broussonetia Papyrifera as Coronavirus Protease Inhibitors. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 2017, 32(1), 504–515. DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1265519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J. Y.; Jeong, H. J.; Kim, J. H.; Kim, Y. M.; Park, S. J.; Kim, D.; Park, K. H.; Lee, W. S.; Ryu, Y. B. Diarylheptanoids from Alnus Japonica Inhibit Papain-like Protease of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2012, 35(11), 2036–2042. DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H.; Ma, S. The Cytokine Storm and Factors Determining the Sequence and Severity of Organ Dysfunction in Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2008, 26, 711–715. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2007.10.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albulescu, R.; Dima, S. O.; Florea, I. R.; Lixandru, D.; Serban, A. M.; Aspritoiu, V. M.; Tanase, C.; Popescu, I.; Ferber, S. COVID-19 and Diabetes Mellitus: Unraveling the Hypotheses that Worsen the Prognosis. Exp. Ther. Med. 2020, 20, 194. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popa, M. L.; Albulescu, R.; Neagu, M.; Hinescu, M. E.; Tanase, C. Multiplex Assay for Multiomics Advances in Personalized-precision Medicine. J. Immunoassay. Immunochem. 2019, 40(1), 3–25. DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2018.1562940.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Traboulsi, H.; Cloutier, A.; Boyapelly, K.; Bonin, M. A.; Marsault, É.; Cantin, A. M.; Richter, M. V. The Flavonoid Isoliquiritigenin Reduces Lung Inflammation and Mouse Morbidity during Influenza Virus Infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2015, 59(10), 6317–6327. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01098-15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, C. J.; Lin, H. J.; Chen, T. H.; Hsu, Y. A.; Liu, C. S.; Hwang, G. Y.; Wan, L. Polygonum Cuspidatum and Its Active Components Inhibit Replication of the Influenza Virus through Toll-like Receptor 9-induced Interferon Beta Expression. PLoS One. 2015, 10(2), e0117602. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling, L. J.; Lu, Y.; Zhang, Y. Y.; Zhu, H. Y.; Tu, P.; Li, H.; Chen, D. F. Flavonoids from Houttuynia Cordata Attenuate H1N1-induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice via Inhibition of Influenza Virus and Toll-like Receptor Signalling. Phytomedicine. 2020, 67, 153150. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X. X.; Wu, Q. F.; Yan, Y. L.; Zhang, F. L. Inhibitory Effects and Related Molecular Mechanisms of Total Flavonoids in Mosla Chinensis Maxim against H1N1 Influenza Virus. Inflam. Res. 2017, 67(2), 179–189. DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1109-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zu, M.; Yang, F.; Zhou, W.; Liu, A.; Du, G.; Zheng, L. In Vitro Anti-influenza Virus and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Theaflavin Derivatives. Antiviral Res. 2012, 94(3), 217–224. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.04.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, J.; Liu, C.; Wang, H.; Li, B.; Chen, R.; Liu, A. Studies on the Bioactive Flavonoids Isolated from Pithecellobium Clypearia Benth. Molecules. 2014, 19(4), 4479–4490. DOI: 10.3390/molecules19044479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Silva Mello, C.; Valente, L. M.; Wolf, T.; Sousa Lima-Junior, R.; Gomes Fialho, L.; Ferreira Marinho, C.; Azeredo, E. L.; Oliveira-Pinto, L. M.; Alves Pereira, R.; Siani, A.; et al. Decrease in Dengue Virus-2 Infection and Reduction of Cytokine/chemokine Production by Uncaria Guianensis in Human Hepatocyte Cell Line Huh-7. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2017, 112(6), 458–468. DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rzepecka-Stojko, A.; Stojko, J.; Kurek-Górecka, A.; Górecki, M.; Kabała-Dzik, A.; Kubina, R.; Moździerz, A.; Buszman, E. Polyphenols from Bee Pollen: Structure, Absorption, Metabolism and Biological Activity. Molecules. 2015, 20(12), 21732–21749. DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima, W. G.; Brito, J. C.; Waleska, S.; da Cruz Nizer, W. Bee Products as a Source of Promising Therapeutic Andchemoprophylaxis Strategies against COVID-19 (Sars-cov-2). Phytotherapy Res. 2020, 1-8.
   Google Scholar
• Maruta, H.; He, H. PAK1-blockers: Potential Therapeutics against COVID-19. Med. Drug. Discov. 2020, 6, 100039. DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100039.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bachevski, D.; Damevska, K.; Simeonovski, V.; Dimova, M. Back to the Basics: Propolis and COVID-19. Dermatol. Ther. 2020, 33, e13780. DOI: 10.1111/dth.13780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Z.; Li, L.; Zhou, H.; Zeng, L.; Chen, T.; Chen, Q.; Zhou, B.; Wang, Y.; Chen, Q.; Hu, P.; et al. Radix Isatidis Polysaccharides Inhibit Influenza A Virus and Influenza A Virus-Induced Inflammation via Suppression of Host TLR3 Signaling in Vitro. Molecules. 2017, 22(1), E116. DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vimalanathan, S.; Schoop, R.; Suter, A.; Hudson, J. Prevention of Influenza Virus Induced Bacterial Superinfection by Standardized Echinacea Purpurea, via Regulation of Surface Receptor Expression in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Virus Res. 2017, 233, 51–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.03.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manayi, A.; Vazirian, M.; Saeidnia, S. Echinacea Purpurea: Pharmacology, Phytochemistry and Analysis Methods. Pharmacogn Rev. 2015, 9(17), 63–72. DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.156353.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang, J.; Tan, H. L.; Gu, L. Y.; Song, M. L.; Wu, Y. Y.; Peng, J. B.; Lan, Z. B.; Wei, Y. Y.; Hu, T. J. Sophora Subprosrate Polysaccharide Inhibited Cytokine/chemokine Secretion via Suppression of Histone Acetylation Modification and NF-κb Activation in PCV2 Infected Swine Alveolar Macrophage). Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2017, 104(PtA), 900–908. Epub 2017 Jun 27. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhu, H.; Lu, X.; Ling, L.; Li, H.; Ou, Y.; Shi, X.; Lu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, D. Houttuynia Cordata Polysaccharides Ameliorate Pneumonia Severity and Intestinal Injury in Mice with Influenza Virus Infection. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018, 218, 90–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y.; Han, H.; Sun, L.; Qiu, H.; Lin, H.; Yu, L.; Zhu, W.; Qi, J.; Yang, R.; Pang, Y.; et al. Antiviral Activity of Shikonin Ester Derivative PMM-034 against Enterovirus 71 in Vitro. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2017, 50(10), e6586. DOI: 10.1590/1414-431X20176586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. J.; Lee, J. Y.; Kim, H. J.; Kim, D. H.; Lee, T. H.; Kang, M. S.; Choi, Y. K.; Lee, H. L.; Kim, J.; An, H. J.; et al. Inhibitory Effect of Emodin on Raw 264.7 Activated with Double Stranded RNA Analogue Poly I:C. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2017, 14(3), 157–166. DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v14i3.17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koshak, A.; Koshak, E. Nigella Sativa L as A Potential Phytotherapy for Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Mini Review of in Silico Studies. Curr. Ther. Res. 2020, 93, 100602. DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2020.100602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan, W.; Li, J.; Chen, Q.; Jiang, Z.; Zhang, R.; Wang, X.; Yang, Z.; Pan, X. Pterodontic Acid Isolated from Laggera Pterodonta Inhibits Viral Replication and Inflammation Induced by Influenza A Virus. Molecules. 2017, 22(10), E1738. DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goswami, D.; Mahapatra, A.; Banerjee, S.; Kar, A.; Ojha, D.; Mukherjee, P.; Chattopadhyay, D. Boswellia Serrata Oleo-gum-resin and β-boswellic Acid Inhibits HSV-1 Infection in Vitro through Modulation of Nf-кb and P38 MAP Kinase Signaling. Phytomedicine. 2018, 51, 94–103. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, W.; Li, Y.; Chen, S.; Wang, M.; Zhang, A.; Zhou, H.; Chen, H.; Jin, M. 14-Deoxy-11,12-dehydroandrographolide Exerts Anti-influenza A Virus Activity and Inhibits Replication of H5N1 Virus by Restraining Nuclear Export of Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complexes. Antiviral Res. 2015, 118, 82–92. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.03.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo, D. G.; Kim, M. C.; Park, M. K.; Song, J. M.; Quan, F. S.; Park, K. M.; Cho, Y. K.; Kang, S. M. Protective Effect of Korean Red Ginseng Extract on the Infections by H1N1 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses in Mice. J. Med. Food. 2012, 15(10), 855–862. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai, L.; Li, Y.; Wang, W.; Wang, Y.; Hu, S. Effect of Oral Administration of Ginseng Stem-and-leaf Saponins (GSLS) on the Immune Responses to Newcastle Disease Vaccine in Chickens. Vaccine. 2011, 29(31), 5007–5014. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu, Y.; Hu, Y.; Cui, B.; Zhang, H. Immunopotentiating Effects of Four Chinese Herbal Polysaccharides Administered at Vaccination in Chickens. Poultry Sci. 2007, 86(12), 2530–2535. DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, Y.; Wang, D.; Liu, J.; Hu, Y.; Zhao, X.; Han, G.; Nguyen, T. L.; Chang, S. Adjuvanticity of Epimedium Polysaccharide-propolis Flavone on Inactivated Vaccines against AI and ND Virus. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2012, 51(5), 1028–1032. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.08.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, P.; Wang, J.; Wang, W.; Liu, X.; Liu, H.; Li, X.; Wu, X. Astragalus Polysaccharides Enhance the Immune Response to Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccination in Chickens. Microb. Pathog. 2017, 111, 81–85. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.03.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro-Díaz, N.; Salaun, B.; Perret, R.; Sierro, S.; Romero, J. F.; Fernández, J. A.; Rubio-Moraga, A.; Romero, P. Saponins from the Spanish Saffron Crocus Sativus are Efficient Adjuvants for Protein-based Vaccines. Vaccine. 2012, 30(2), 388–397. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, X.; Bi, S.; Wang, Y.; Chi, X.; Hu, S. Combined Adjuvant Effect of Ginseng Stem-leaf Saponins and Selenium on Immune Responses to a Live Bivalent Vaccine of Newcastle Disease Virus and Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Chickens. Poult. Sci. 2019, 98(9), 3548–3556. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cibulski, S.; Rivera-Patron, M.; Suárez, N.; Pirez, M.; Rossi, S.; Yendo, A. C.; de Costa, F.; Gosmann, G.; Fett-Neto, A.; Roehe, P. M.; et al. Leaf Saponins of Quillaja Brasiliensis Enhance Long-term Specific Immune Responses and Promote Dose-sparing Effect in BVDV Experimental Vaccines. Vaccine. 2018, 36(1), 55–65. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexyuk, P. G.; Bogoyavlenskiy, A. P.; Alexyuk, M. S.; Turmagambetova, A. S.; Zaitseva, I. A.; Omirtaeva, E. S.; Berezin, V. E. Adjuvant Activity of Multimolecular Complexes Based on Glycyrrhiza Glabra Saponins, Lipids, and Influenza Virus Glycoproteins. Arch. Virol. 2019, 164(7), 1793–1803. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04273-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turmagambetova, A. S.; Alexyuk, P. G.; Bogoyavlenskiy, A. P.; Zaitseva, I. A.; Omirtaeva, E. S.; Alexyuk, M. S.; Sokolova, N. S.; Berezin, V. E. Adjuvant Activity of Saponins from Kazakhstani Plants on the Immune Responses to Subunit Influenza Vaccine. Arch. Virol. 2017, 162(12), 3817–3826. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3560-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackwood, M. W.; Rosenbloom, R.; Petteruti, M.; Hilt, D. A.; McCall, A. W.; Williams, S. M. Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Susceptibility to Botanical Oleoresins and Essential Oils in Vitro and in Vivo. Virus Res. 2010, 149(1), 86–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.01.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neagu, M.;. The Bumpy Road to Achieve Herd Immunity in COVID-19. J. Immunoassay Immunochem. 2020, 1–18. DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2020.1833919.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Panyod, S.; Ho, C. T.; Sheen, L. Y. Dietary Therapy and Herbal Medicine for COVID-19 Prevention: A Review and Perspective. J. Trad. Compl. Med. 2020, (10), 420e427.
   Google Scholar