Conversion of Communal Grazing Lands into Exclosures Restored Soil Properties in the Semi-Arid Lowlands of Northern Ethiopia

References

• Abdu , A. , and R. C. Schultz . 2005 . Water harvesting in a “runoff-catchment” agroforestry system in the drylands of Ethiopia . Agroforestry Forum 63 : 291 – 298 .
   Google Scholar
• Angassa , A. , and Fekadu F. Beyene . 2003 . Current range condition in southern Ethiopia in relation to traditional management strategies: The perceptions of Borana pastoralists . Tropical Grasslands 37 : 53 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Angassa , A. , and G. Oba . 2010 . Effects of grazing pressure, age of enclosures and seasonality on bush cover dynamics and vegetation composition in southern Ethiopia . Journal of Arid Environments 74 : 111 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babulo , B. , B. Muys , N. Fredu , E. Tollens , J. Nyssen , J. Deckers , and E. Mathijs 2009 . The economic contribution of forest resource use to rural livelihoods in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia . Forest Policy and Economics 11 : 109 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake , G. R. , and K. H. Hartge . 1986. Bulk density, pp. 363–375, in A. Klute , ed., Methods of soil analysis: Part 1, Physical and mineralogical methods . ASA Monograph, 9. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
   Google Scholar
• Bremmer , J. M. , and C. S. Mulvaney . 1982 . Nitrogen total , pp. 595 – 624 , in et al. , ed., Methods of soil analysis: Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties . ASA Monograph, 9. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Agriculture, and Natural Resource Development . 1997 . Tigray livestock development action program: Executive summary . Vol. II . Tigray BoANRD , Mekelle , Ethiopia .
   Google Scholar
• Descheemaeker , K. , J. Nyssen , J. Rossi , J. Poesen , H. Mitiku , J. Moeyersons , and J. Deckers . 2006 . Sediment deposition and pedogenesis in exclosures in the Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia . Geoderma 132 : 291 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebro , A. , H. A. Snyman , and G. N. Smit . 2005 . The influence of woody plants and livestock grazing on grass species composition, yield and soil nutrients in the Middle Awash valley of Ethiopia . Journal of Arid Environment 60 : 343 – 358 .
   Google Scholar
• Ebro , A. , H. A. Snyman , and G. N. Smit . 2007 . Rangeland evaluation in the Middle Awash valley of Ethiopia: Relationships among soil and Vegetation variables . Journal of Arid Environments 70 : 293 – 303 .
   Google Scholar
• Ethiopian Meteorological Service Agency . 2007 . Annual climate bulletin for the year 2007 . Ministry of Water Resources , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia , p. 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Fukami , T. , and D. A. Wardle . 2005 . Long-term ecological dynamics: reciprocal insights from natural and anthropogenic gradients . Proceeding of Royal Society B 272 : 2105 – 2115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebreegzeabher , T. 2006 . The role of forest rehabilitation for poverty alleviation in Drylands . Journal of the Drylands 1 ( 1 ): 3 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Gebresamuel , G. , B. R. Singh , J. Nyssen , and T. Borrosen . 2009 . Runoff and sediment-associated nutrient losses under different land uses in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia . Journal of Hydrology 376 : 70 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Gee , G. W. , and J. W. Bauder . 1982 . Particle size analysis , pp. 383 – 411 , in A. Klute , ed., Methods of soil analysis: Part, physical and mineralogical methods . ASA Monograph, 9. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
   Google Scholar
• Herrick , J. E. , W. Justin , V. Zee , K. M. Havstand , L. M. Burkett , and W. G. Whitford . 2005 . Monitoring manual for grassland, shrubland and savanna ecosystems. Volume II: Design, supplementary methods and interpretation . USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range , Las Cruces , New Mexico .
   Google Scholar
• Hoff , C. , S. Rambal , and R. Joffre . 2002 . Simulating carbon and water flows growth in a Mediterranean evergreen Quercus ilex coppice using the FOREST-BGC model . Forest Ecology and Management 164 : 121 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekuria , W. , E. Veldkamp , H. Mitiku , J. Nyssem , B. Muys , and G. Kindeya . 2007 . Effectiveness of exclosures to restore degraded soils as a result of overgrazing in Tigray, Ethiopia . Journal of Arid Environments 69 : 270 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekuria , W. , E. Veldkamp , H. Mitiku , G. Kindeya , B. Muys , and J. Nyssen . 2009 . Effectiveness of exclosures to control soil erosion and local community perception on soil erosion in Tigray, Ethiopia . African Journal of Agricultural Research 4 : 365 – 377 .
   Google Scholar
• Mekuria , W. , E. Veldkamp , M. D. Corre , H. Mitiku . 2011a . Carbon changes following the establishment of exclosure on communal grazing lands in the semi-arid lowlands of Tigray, Ethiopia , pp. 111–131, in W. Leal Filho , ed., Experiences of Climate Change Adaptation in Africa . Climate Change Management , doi: DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-22315-0_7
   Google Scholar
• Mekuria , W. , E. Veldkamp , T. Mesfin , and R. Olschewski . 2011b . Economic valuation of land restoration: The case of exclosures established on communal grazing lands in Tigray, Ethiopia . Land Degradation and Development 21 : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Mengistu , A. 1998 . Natural pasture improvement study around smallholder dairy areas . MoA Small Dairy Development Project (SDDP) , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia .
   Google Scholar
• Mengistu , T. , T. Demel , H. Håkan , and Y. Yonas . 2005. The role of enclosures in the recovery of woody vegetation in degraded dryland hillsides of central and northern Ethiopia. Journal of Arid Environments 60: 259–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOA . 2000 . Agro-ecological Zones of Ethiopia . Ministry of Agriculture , Addis Ababa , Ethiopia .
   Google Scholar
• Nedessa , B. N. , J. Ali , and I. Nyborg . 2005 . Exploring ecological and socio- economic issues for the improvement of area enclosure management: A case study from Ethiopia . Drylands Coordination Group Report No. 38. Drylands Coordination Group, Oslo, Norway.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen , S. R. , and L. E. Sommers . 1982 . Phosphores , pp. 403 – 430 , in et al. , ed., Methods of soil analysis: Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties . ASA Monograph, 9.
   Google Scholar
• Pratt , M. , and G. A. Rasmussen . 2001 . Determining your stocking rate. Range Management Fact Sheet. Available at extension.usu.edu/files/publications/publication/NR_RM_04.pdf (accessed 10 June 2012). Utah State University Cooperative Extension, Logan, UT.
   Google Scholar
• Smit , G. N. , C. G. F. Richter , and A. J. Aucamp 1999 . Bush encroachment: An approach to understanding and managing the problem , pp. 246 – 260 , in N. M. Tainton , ed., Veld Management in South Africa . University of Natal Press , Pietermaritzburg , South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Snowdon , P. , J. Raison , H. Keith , P. Ritson , P. Grierson , M. Admas , K. Montagu , B. B. Huiquan , and D. Eamus . 2002 . Protocol for sampling tree and stand biomass, national carbon accounting system technical report . Australian Greenhouse Office, Canberra, No. 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Tefera , S. , H. A. Snyman , and G. N. Smit . 2007 . Cattle-rangeland management practices and perceptions of pastoralists towards rangeland degradation in the Borana zone of southern Ethiopia . Journal of Environmental Management 82 : 481 – 494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , G. W. 1982 . Exchangeable cations , pp. 159 , 165 , in et al. , ed., Methods of soil analysis: Part 2: Chemical and microbiological properties . ASA Monograph, 9. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
   Google Scholar
• Tilahun , M. , R. Olschewski , C. Klein , and G. Kindeya . 2007 . Economic analysis of closing degraded Bosewellia papyrifera dry forest from human intervention: a study from Tigray, Northern Ethiopia . Forest Policy and Economics 9 : 996 – 1005 .
   Google Scholar
• Valentin , C. , J. Poesen , and Y. Li . 2005 . Gully erosion: Impacts, factors and control . Catena 63 : 132 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veldkamp , E. 1994 . Organic carbon turnover in three tropical soils under pasture after deforestation . Soil Science Society of American Journal 58 : 175 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walkley , A. , and I. A. Black . 1934 . An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining organic carbon in soils: effect of variations in digestion conditions and of inorganic soil constituents . Soil Science 63 : 251 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassie , A. , F. J. Sterck , T. Demel , and F. Bongers . 2009 . Effects of livestock exclusion on tree regeneration in church forests of Ethiopia . Forest Ecology and Management 257 : 765 – 772 .
   Google Scholar
• WRB . 2006 . World reference base for soil resources. , 2nd ed . World Soil Resources Reports, No. 103. FAO, Rome .
   Google Scholar
• Yayneshet , T. 2011 . Restoration of degraded semi-arid communal grazing land vegetation using the exclosure model . International Journal of Water Resources and Arid Environments 1 ( 5 ): 382 – 386 .
   Google Scholar
• Yayneshet , T. , L. O. Eik , and S. R. Moe . 2009 . The effects of exclosures in restoring degraded semi-arid vegetation in communal grazing lands in northern Ethiopia . Journal of Arid Environments 73 : 542 – 549 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yimer , F. , S. Ledin , and A. Abdelkadir . 2007 . Changes in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents in three adjacent land use types in the Bale Mountains, south-eastern highlands of Ethiopia . Forest Ecology and Management 242 : 337 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , J. , G. Tian , Y. Li , and M. Lindstrom . 2002 . Requirements for success of reforestation projects in a semiarid low-mountain region of the jinsha river basin, southwestern china . Land Degradation and Development 13 : 395 – 401 .
   Google Scholar