119
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Why is the spatial variability of millet yield high at farm level in the Sahel? Implications for research and development

, , , &
Pages 351-374 | Received 17 Aug 2018, Accepted 27 May 2019, Published online: 21 Jun 2019

References

  • Abe, S. S., Y. Watanabe, T. Onishi, T. Kotegawa, and T. Wakatsuki. 2011. Nutrient storage in termite (Macrotermes bellicosus) mounds and the implications for nutrient dynamics in a tropical savanna Ultisol. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 57 (6):786–95. doi: 10.1080/00380768.2011.640922.
  • Adams, A. M., A. W. Gillespie, G. Kar, S. Koala, B. Ouattara, A. A. Kimaro, A. Bationo, P. B. I. Akponikpe, J. J. Schoenau, and D. Peak. 2016. Long term effects of reduced fertilizer rates on millet yields and soil properties in the West-African Sahel. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 106 (1):17–29.
  • Adekayode, F. O., and M. O. Ogunkoya. 2009. Comparative study of clay and organic matter content of termite mounds and the surrounding soils. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings 9:379–84.
  • Adetimirin, V. O., M. E. Aken'Ova, and S. K. Kim. 2000. Effects of Striga hermontica on yield components in maize. The Journal of Agricultural Science 135 (2):185–91. doi: 10.1017/S0021859699008217.
  • Akpo, L. E., M. Grouzis, and H. N. Le Houérou. 2005. Tree shade effects on environmental factors in a savanna of Senegal. West African Journal of Applied Ecology 7:1.
  • Akponikpè, P. B. I., K. Michels, and C. L. Bielders. 2008. Integrated nutrient management of pearl millet in the Sahel using combined application of cattle manure, crop residues and mineral fertilizer. Experimental Agriculture 44:453–72. doi: 10.1017/S001447970800673X.
  • Akponikpè, P. B. I., J. Minet, B. Gérard, P. Defourny, and C. L. Bielders. 2011. Spatial fields’ dispersion as a farmer strategy to reduce agro-climatic risk at the household level in pearl millet-based systems in the Sahel: A modeling perspective. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151 (2):215–27. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.10.007.
  • Akponikpè, P. B. I., B. Gérard Koala, and C. L. Bielders. 2014. Soil water crop modeling for decision support in millet-based systems in the Sahel: A challenge. African Journal of Agricultural Research 9(22):1700–1713. doi:10.5897/AJAR10.263.
  • Bationo, A., and A. U. Mokwunye. 1991. Role of manure and crop residue in alleviating soil fertility constraints to crop production: With special reference to the Sahelian and Soudanian zones of West Africa. Fertilizer Research 29 (1):117–25. doi: 10.1007/BF01048993.
  • Bationo, A., A. U. Mokwunye, P. L. G. Vlek, S. Koala, and B. I. Shapiro. 2003. Soil fertility management for sustainable land use in the West African Sudano-Sahelain zone. In Soil fertility management in Africa: A regional perspectives, ed. M. P. Gichuri, A. Bationo, M. A. Bekunda, H. C. Goma, P. L. Mafongoya, D. N. Mugendi, H. K. Murwuira, S. M. Nandwa, P. Nyathi and M. J. Swift, 253–292. Academy Science Publishers (ASP). Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF), Nairobi-Kenya.
  • Bationo, A., S. P. Wani, C. L. Bielder, P. L. G. Vlek, and A. U. Mokwunye. 2000. Crop residue and fertilizer management to improve soil organic carbon content, soil quality and productivity in the desert margins of West Africa. In Global climate change and tropical ecosystems, ed. R. Lal, 117–146. Boca Raton, London New York, Washington, D. C.: CRS press LLC.
  • Bayala, J., A. Mando, S. J. Ouedraogo, and Z. Teklehaimanot. 2003. Managing Parkia biglobosa and Vitellaria paradoxa prunings for crop production and improved soil properties in the sub-sudanian zone of Burkina Faso. Arid Land Research Management 17 (3):283–96. doi: 10.1080/15324980301596.
  • Bayala, J., G. W. Sileshi, R. Coe, A. Kalinganire, Z. Tchoundjeu, F. Sinclair, and D. Garrity. 2012. Cereal yield response to conservation agriculture practices in drylands of West Africa: A quantitative synthesis. Journal of Arid Environments 78:13–25. doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.10.011.
  • Bayala, J., Z. Teklehaimanot, and S. J. Ouedraogo. 2002. Millet production under crown pruned trees in a parkland system in Burkina Faso. Agroforestry Systems 54 (3):203–14.
  • Bielders, C. L., and B. Gérard. 2015. Millet response to microdose fertilization in south-western Niger: Effect of antecedent fertility management and environmental factors. Field Crops Research 171:165–75. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2014.10.008.
  • Bielders, C. L., J. L. Rajot, and M. Amadou. 2002. Transport of soil and nutrients by wind in bush fallow land and traditionally managed cultivated fields in the Sahel. Geoderma 109 (1–2):19–36. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00138-6.
  • Bouma, J., J. Brouwer, A. Verhagen, and H. W. G. Booltink. 1995. Site specific management on a field level: high and low-tech approach. In Eco-regional approach for sustainable land use and food production. Proceedings of a Symposium on eco-regional approaches in agriculture research, 12–16 December 1994, ISNAR, The Hague Systems approaches for sustainable agricultural development, ed. J. Bouma, vol. 4, 453–474. The Nethelands: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
  • Breman, H., and J. J. Kessler. 1995. Woody plants in agro-ecosystems of semi-arid regions. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
  • Bright, M. B. H., I. Diedhiou, R. Bayala, K. Assigbetse, L. Chapuis-Lardy, Y. Ndour, and R. P. Dick. 2017. Long-term Piliostigma reticulatum intercropping in the Sahel: Crop productivity, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling and soil quality. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 242:9–22. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.007.
  • Brouwer, J., L. K. Fussell, and L. Herrmann. 1993. Soil and crop growth micro-variability in the West African semi-arid tropics: A possible risk-reducing factor for subsistence farmers. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 45 (3–4):229–38. doi: 10.1016/0167-8809(93)90073-X.
  • Brouwer, J., and J. Bouma. 1997. Soil and crop growth variability in the Sahel: Highlights of research (1990–1995) at ICRISAT Sahelian center (information bulletin no. 49). Andhra Pradesh, India: ICRISAT, Patancheru.
  • Buerkert, A., and P. Hiernaux. 1998. Nutrients in the West African Sudano-Sahelian zone: Losses, transfers and role of external inputs. Zeitschrift Für Pflanzenernährung Und Bodenkunde 161:365–83. doi: 10.1002/jpln.1998.3581610405.
  • Buerkert, A., and J. P. A. Lamers. 1999. Soil Erosion and deposition effect on surface characteristics and pearl millet growth in the West Africa, Sahel. Plant and Soil 215 (2):239–53.
  • Buerkert, A., F. Mahler, and H. Marschner. 1996. Soil productivity management and plant growth in the Sahel: potential of an aerial monitoring technique. Plant and Soil 180 (1):29–38. doi: 10.1007/BF00015408.
  • Casenave, A., and C. Valentin. 1992. A runoff classification system based on surface features criteria in semi-arid areas of West Africa. Journal of Hydrology 130 (1–4):231–49.
  • Dancette, C., and J. F. Poulain. 1969. Influence of Acacia albida on pedoclimatic factors and crop yields. African Soil 14:143–84.
  • Dembelé, I., D. Koné, A. Soumaré, D. Coulibaly, Y. Koné, B. Ly, and L. Kater. 2000. Fallow and field systems in dryland Mali. In: Nutrients on the move. Soil fertility dynamics in African farming systems, ed. T. Hilhorst and F. Muchena, 83–102. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
  • Diallo, M. B., P. B. I. Akponikpé, D. Fatondji, T. Abasse, and E. K. Agbossou. in press. Long-term differential effects of tree species on soil nutrients and fertility improvement in millet based systems of the Sahelian Niger. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods.
  • Diangar, S., A. Fofana, M. Diagne, C. F. Yamoah, and R. P. Dick. 2004. Pearl millet based intercropping systems in the semi-arid areas of Senegal. African Crop Science Journal 12 (2):133–9.
  • Dossa, E. L., M. Khouma, I. Diedhiou, M. Sene, F. Kizito, A. N. Badiane, S. A. N. Samba, and R. P. Dick. 2009. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization potential of semiarid Sahelian soils amended with native shrubs residues. Geoderma 148 (3–4):251–60. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.10.009.
  • Drees, L. R., A. Manu, and L. P. Wilding. 1993. Characteristics of Aeolian dusts in Niger, West Africa. Geoderma 59 (1–4):213–33. doi: 10.1016/0016-7061(93)90070-2.
  • Florax, R. J., R. L. Voortman, and J. Brouwer. 2002. Spatial dimensions of precision agriculture: A spatial econometric analysis of millet yield on Sahelian coversands. Agricultural Economics 27 (3):425–43. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-0862.2002.tb00129.x.
  • Gandah, M., J. Bouma, J. Brouwer, and V. N. Duivendooden. 1998. Use of a scoring technique to assess the effect of field variability on yield of pearl millet grown on three Alfisols in Niger. Netherlands. Journal of Agriculture Science 46:39–51.
  • Gandah, M., J. Brouwer, P. Hiernaux, and N. Van Duivenbooden. 2003. Fertility management and landscape position: farmers use of nutrients sources in western Niger and possible improvements. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 67 (1):55–66.
  • Gandah, M. 1999. Spatial variability and farmer resource allocation in millet production in Niger. Doctoral Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
  • Gaze, S. R., L. P. Simmonds, J. Brouwer, and J. Bouma. 1997. Measurement of surface redistribution of rainfall and modelling its effect on water balance calculations of a millet field on sandy soil in Niger. Journal of Hydrology 188 (9):267–84. doi: 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03162-9.
  • Geiger, S. C., and A. Manu. 1993. Soil surface characteristics and variability in the growth of millet in the plateau and valley region of Western Niger. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 45 (3–4):203–11. doi: 10.1016/0167-8809(93)90071-V.
  • Geiger, S. C., A. Manu, and A. Bationo. 1992. Changes in a sandy Sahelian soil following crop residue and fertilizer additions. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56 (1):172–7. doi: 10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600010027x.
  • Gérard, B., and A. Buerkert. 1999. Aerial photography to determine fertilizer effects on pearl millet and Guiera senegalensis growth. Plant and Soil 210 (2):167–78.
  • Gérard, B., and A. Buerkert. 2001. Estimation of spatial variability in pearl millet growth with non- destructive methods. Experimental Agriculture 37 (3):373–89. doi: 10.1017/S0014479701003088.
  • Gérard, B., A. Buerkert, P. Hiernaux, and H. Marschner. 1997. Non-destructive measurement of plant growth and nitrogen status of pearl millet with low-altitude aerial photography. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 43 (sup1):993–8. doi: 10.1080/00380768.1997.11863705.
  • Gérard, B., P. Hiernaux, B. Muehlig-Versen, and A. Buerkert. 2001. Destructive and non- destructive measurements of residual crop residue and phosphorus effects on growth and composition of herbaceous fallow species in the Sahel. Plant and Soil 228 (2):265–73.
  • Graef, F. 2000. Agro-climatology in Southwestern Niger – Implications for crop growth and crop management. In: Adapted farming in West Africa: Issues, potentials and perspectives, eds. F. Graef, P. Lawrence, and M. von Oppen, pp. 27–34. Verlag Ulrich E. Grauer, Stuttgart, Germany.
  • Graef, F., and J. Haigis. 2001. Spatial and temporal rainfall variability in the Sahel and its effects on farmers’ management strategies. Journal of Arid Environments 48 (2):221–31. doi: 10.1006/jare.2000.0747.
  • Grouzis, M., and L. E. Akpo. 2006. Interactions arbre-herbe au Sahel. Sècheresse 17 (1–2):318–25.
  • Guenette, K. G., and G. Hernandez-Ramirez. 2018. Tracking the influence of controlled traffic regimes on field scale soil variability and geospatial modeling techniques. Geoderma 328:66–78. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.04.026.
  • Hafner, H., E. George, A. Bationo, and H. Marschner. 1993. Effect of crop residues on root-growth and phosphorus acquisition of pearl-millet in an acid sandy soil in Niger. Plant and Soil 150 (1):117–27. doi: 10.1007/BF00779182.
  • Heil, J. W., A. S. R. Juo, and K. J. McInnes. 1997. Soil properties influencing surface sealing of some sandy soils in the Sahel. Soil Science 162 (7):459–69. doi: 10.1097/00010694-199707000-00001.
  • Hiernaux, P., and A. Ayantundé. 2004. The Fakara: A semi-arid agro-ecosystem under stress. Report of research activities, Niamey-Niger, ILRI/DMP.
  • Hoogmoed, W. B., and L. Stroosnijder. 1984. Crust formation on sandy soils in the Sahel. Rainfall and infiltration. Soil Tillage Research 4 (1):5–23. doi: 10.1016/0167-1987(84)90013-8.
  • Kessler, J. J. 1992. The influence of Karité (Vitellaria paradoxa) and Néré (Parkia biglobosa) trees on sorghum production in Burkina Faso. Agroforestry Systems 17 (2):97–118. doi: 10.1007/BF00053116.
  • Kessler, J. J., and H. Breman. 1991. The potential of agroforestry to increase primary production in the Sahelian and Sudanian zones of West Africa. Agroforestry Systems 13 (1):41–62. doi: 10.1007/BF00129618.
  • Kho, R. M., B. Yacouba, M. Yayé, B. Katkoré, A. Moussa, A. Iktam, and A. Mayaki. 2001. Separating the effect of trees on crop: The case of Faidherbia albida and millet in Niger. Agroforestry Systems 52 (3):219–38. doi: 10.1023/A:1011820412140.
  • Kizito, F., M. Dragila, M. Sène, A. Lufafa, I. Diedhiou, R. P. Dick, J. S. Selker, E. Dossa, M. Khouma, A. Badiane, et al. 2006. Seasonal soil water variation and root patterns between two semi-arid shrubs co-existing with pearl millet in Senegal, West Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 67 (3):436–55. doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.02.021.
  • Klaij, M. C., and G. Vachaud. 1992. Seasonal water balance of a sandy soil in Niger cropped with pearl millet, based on profile moisture measurements. Agricultural Water Management 21 (4):313–30. doi: 10.1016/0378-3774(92)90053-Y.
  • Konaté, S., X. Le Roux, D. Tessier, and M. Lepage. 1998. Influence of large termitaria on soil characteristics, soil water regime and tree leaf shedding pattern in a West African Savanna. Plant and Soil 206 (1):47–60.
  • Kretzschmar, R. M., H. Hafner, A. Bationo, and H. Marschner. 1991. Long-term and short-term effects of crop residues on aluminum toxicity, phosphorus availability and growth of pearl- millet in an acid sandy soil. Plant and Soil 136 (2):215–23. doi: 10.1007/BF02150052.
  • Lamers, J. P. A., and P. R. Feil. 1995. Farmers’ knowledge and management of spatial soil and crop growth variability in Niger, West African Neth. Journal of Agriculture Science 43:375–89.
  • Lawrence, P. R., B. GéRard, C. Moreau, F. LhéRiteau, and A. Buerkert. 2000. Design and testing of a GPS-based reflectometer for precision mapping of pearl millet total dry matter in the Sahel. Agronomy Journal 92 (6):1086–95. doi: 10.2134/agronj2000.9261086x.
  • Léonard, J., E. Perrier, and J. L. Rajot. 2004. Biological macropores effect on runoff and infiltration: a combined experimental and modelling approach. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 104 (2):277–85. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2003.11.015.
  • Mando, A., L. Stroosnijder, and L. Brussaar. 1996. Effects of termites on infiltration into crusted soil. Geoderma 74 (1–2):107–13. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7061(96)00058-4.
  • Manlay, R. J., A. Ickowicz, D. Masse, C. Feller, and D. Richard. 2004. Spatial carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus budget in a village of the West African savanna. II. Element flows and functioning of a mixed farming system. Agriculture Systems 79 (1):83–107. doi: 10.1016/S0308-521X(03)00054-4.
  • Manu, A., A. Bationo, and S. C. Geiger. 1991. Fertility status of selected millet producing soils of West Africa with emphasis on phosphorus. Soil Science 152 (5):315–20. doi: 10.1097/00010694-199111000-00001.
  • Manu, A., A. S. R. Juo, S. C. Geiger, A. Pfordresher, and R. Puentes. 1991. Integrated management of agricultural watersheds (IMAW): Characterization of research site near Hamdallaye, Niger. TropSoils Bulletin, 91-03. Soil management CRSP. Raleigh: North Carolina State University.
  • Manu, A., L. P. Wilding, L. R. Hossner, A. A. Pfordresher, and S. C. Geiger. 1996. Soil parameters related to crop growth variability in western Niger, West Africa. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60 (1):283–8. doi: 10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000010043x.
  • Mason, S. C., N. Maman, and S. Pale. 2015. Pearl millet production practices in semi-arid West Africa: A review. Experimental Agriculture 51 (4):501–21. doi: 10.1017/S0014479714000441.
  • Ndiaye, S. 2002. Bibliographie du mil: la petite bibliothèque du Réseau Ouest Africain de Recherche sur le Mil (ROCAFREMI). ICRISAT, DDC, Niamey.
  • Rhoades, C. C. 1995. Seasonal pattern of nitrogen mineralization and soil moisture beneath Faidherbia albida (syn Acacia albida) in central Malawi. Agroforestry Systems 29 (2):133–45. doi: 10.1007/BF00704882.
  • Rietkerk, M., Ouedraogo, T. L. Kumar, S. Sanou, F. van Langevelde, A. Kiema, J. van de Koppel, J. van Andel, J. Hearne, A. K. Skidmore, N., et al. 2002. Fine-scale spatial distribution of plants and resources on a sandy soil in the Sahel. Plant and Soil 239 (1):69–77. doi: 10.1023/A:1014970523241.
  • Rockström, J., J. Barron, J. Brouwer, S. Galle, and A. De Rouw. 1999. On-farm spatial and temporal variability of soil and water in pearl millet cultivation. Soil Science Society of America Journal 63:1308–19. doi: 10.2136/sssaj1999.6351308x.
  • Rockström, J., and A. De Rouw. 1997. Water, nutrients and slope position in on-farm pearl millet cultivation in the Sahel. Plant and Soil 195 (2):311–27.
  • Samaké, O., E. M. A. Smaling, M. J. Kropff, T. J. Stomph, and A. Kodio. 2005. Effect of cultivation practices on spatial variation of soil fertility and millet yields in the Sahel of Mali. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 109 (3–4):335–45. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2005.02.024.
  • Scott-Wendt, J., R. G. Chase, and L. R. Hossner. 1988. Soil chemical variability in sandy ustalfs in semi-arid Niger, West Africa. Soil Science 145 (6):414–9.
  • Scott-Wendt, J., L. R. Hossner, and R. G. Chase. 1987. Variability in Pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) fields in semi-arid West Africa. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 2:49–58. doi: 10.1080/15324988809381157.
  • Sivakumar, M. V. K. 1988. Predicting rainy season potential from the onset of rains in Southern Sahelien and Soudanian climatic zones of West Africa. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 42 (4):295–305. doi: 10.1016/0168-1923(88)90039-1.
  • Sivakumar, M. V. K. 1989. Agroclimatic aspects of rainfed agriculture in the Sudano-Sahelian zone. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Soil, Crop, and Water Management in the Sudano-Sahelian zone, Niamey-Niger, ICRISAT, Patancheru, India, 17–38, 11–16 January 1987.
  • Sivakumar M. V. K., A. Maidoukia, and R. D. Stern. 1993. Agroclimatology of West Africa, Niger. Information Bulletin, 5. ICRISAT, Patancheru, India and Direction de la metéorologie nationale du Niger, Niamey, Niger.
  • Sivakumar M. V. K., F. Gnoumou. 1987. Agroclimatology of West Africa: Burkina Faso. Information bulletin no. 23. Pantancheru, A.P. 504-324, India: International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.
  • Sivakumar M. V. K., M. Konaté, and S. M. Virmani. 1984. Agroclimatology of West Africa: Mali. Information bulletin no. 19. Pantancheru, A.P. 504 324, India: International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.
  • Stein, A., J. Brouwer, and J. Bouma. 1997. Methods for comparing spatial variability patterns of millet yield and soil data. Soil Science Society of America Journal 61 (3):861–70. doi: 10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100030021x.
  • Sterk, G., and J. Haigis. 1998. Farmers’ knowledge of wind erosion processes and control methods in Niger. Land Degradation and Development 9 (2):107–14. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-145X(199803/04)9:2<107::AID-LDR285>3.0.CO;2-5.
  • Sterk, G., L. Herrmann, and A. Bationo. 1996. Wind-blown nutrient transport and soil productivity changes in southwest Niger. Land Degradation and Development 7 (4):325–35. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-145X(199612)7:4<325::AID-LDR237>3.3.CO;2-H.
  • Sterk, G., A. Stein, and L. Stroosnijder. 2004. Wind effects on spatial variability in pearl millet yields in the Sahel. Soil Tillage Research 76 (1):25–37. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2003.08.004.
  • Traoré, K., D. K. Sidibe, H. Coulibaly, and J. Bayala. 2017. Optimizing yield of improved varieties of millet and sorghum under highly variable rainfall conditions using contour ridges in Cinzana, Mali. Agriculture and Food Security 6:11.
  • Turner, M. D., and P. Hiernaux. 2015. The effects of management history and landscape position on inter-field variation in soil fertility and millet yields in southwestern Niger. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 211:73–83. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2015.05.010.
  • Valentin, C., J. L. Rajot, and D. Mitja. 2004. Response of soil crusting, runoff and erosion to fallowing in the sub-humid and semi-arid regions of West Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 104 (2):287–302. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.035.
  • Van, D. N., and L. Cisse. 1993. Fertilization of millet cv. Souna III in Senegal: Dry matter production and nutrient uptake. Fertilizer Research 35:217–26. doi: 10.1007/BF00750640.
  • Van Groenigen, J. W., M. Gandah, and J. Bouma. 2000. Soil sampling strategies for precision agriculture research under Sahelian conditions. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64 (5):1674–80. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2000.6451674x.
  • Van Wambeke, A. 1992. Soils of the tropics, properties and appraisal. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
  • Vetaas, O. R. 1992. Micro-site effects of trees and shrubs in dry savannas. Journal of Vegetation Science 3 (3):337–44. doi: 10.2307/3235758.
  • Voortman, R. L., and J. Brouwer. 2003. An empirical analysis of the simultaneous effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in millet production on spatially variable fields in south-west Niger. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 66 (2):143–64.
  • Voortman, R. L., J. Brouwer, and P. J. Albersen. 2004. Characterization of spatial soil variability and its effect on millet yield on Soudano-Sahelian coversands in SW Niger. Geoderma 121 (1–2):65–82. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2003.10.006.
  • Wendt, J. W., A. Berrada, M. G. Gao, and D. G. Schulze. 1993. Phosphorus sorption characteristics of productives and nonproductive Niger soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 57 (3):766–73. doi: 10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700030024x.
  • Wezel, A., J. L. Rajot, and C. Herbrig. 2000. Influence of shrubs on soil characteristics and their function in Sahelian agro-ecosystems in semi-arid Niger. Journal of Arid Environments 44 (4):383–98. doi: 10.1006/jare.1999.0609.
  • Yamoah, C. F., A. Bationo, B. Shapiro, and S. Koala. 2002. Trend and stability analyses of millet yields treated with fertilizer and crop residues in the Sahel. Field Crop Research 75 (1):53–62. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4290(02)00008-4.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.