A Robust Cascade Controller for Load Frequency Control of a Standalone Microgrid Incorporating Electric Vehicles

References

• S. Chowdhury, S. P. Chowdhury, and P. Crossley, Microgrids and Active Distribution Networks, 1st ed., ser. IET Renewable Energy Series 6. London, UK: The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• H. Bevrani, F. Habibi, P. Babahajyani, M. Watanabe, and Y. Mitani, “Intelligent frequency control in an AC microgrid: Online PSO-based fuzzy tuning approach,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1935–1944, 2012. DOI: 10.1109/TSG.2012.2196806.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Ferraro, E. Crisostomi, R. Shorten, and F. Milano, “Stochastic frequency control of grid-connected microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 5704–5710, 2018. DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2821370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, ser. Power System Engineering Series. USA: McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• I. J. Nagrath and D. P. Kothari, Modern Power System Analysis, 4th ed. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• K. Shimizu, T. Masuta, Y. Ota, and A. Yokoyama, “Load frequency control in power system using vehicle-to-grid system considering the customer convenience of electric vehicles,” in 2010 International Conference on Power System Technology, 2010, pp. 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• M. H. Khooban, T. Niknam, F. Blaabjerg, P. Davari, and T. Dragicevic, “A robust adaptive load frequency control for micro-grids,” ISA Trans., vol. 65, pp. 220–210, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2016.07.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. F. Burke, Ed., Batteries and Ultracapacitors for Electric, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Vehicles, ser. Proc. IEEE, Vol. 95, no. 4, IEEE, 2007. DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2007.892490.
   Google Scholar
• M. Elsisi, M. Soliman, M. A. S. Aboelela, and W. Mansour, “Model predictive control of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles for frequency regulation in a smart grid,” IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 11, no. 16, pp. 3974–3983, 2017. DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.2120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Senjyu, T. Nakaji, K. Uezato, and T. Funabashi, “A hybrid power system using alternative energy facilities in isolated island,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 406–414, 2005. DOI: 10.1109/TEC.2004.837275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. K. Ray, S. R. Mohanty, and N. Kishor, “Proportional integral controller based small-signal analysis of hybrid distributed generation systems,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1943–1954, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2010.11.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. H. Khooban, T. Niknama, F. Blaabjerg, and T. Dragicevic, “A new load frequency control strategy for micro-grids with considering electrical vehicles,” Electric Power Syst. Res., vol. 143, pp. 585–514, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2016.10.057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Dash, L. C. Saikia and N. Sinha, “Flower pollination algorithm optimized PI-PD cascade controller in automatic generation control of a multi-area power system,” Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 82, pp. 19–28, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.02.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Padhy, S. Panda, and S. Mahapatra, “A modified GWO technique based cascade PI-PD controller for AGC of power systems in presence of plug in electric vehicles,” Eng. Sci. Technol., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 427–442, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jestch.2017.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G.-Q. Zeng, J. Chen, Y.-X. Dai, L.-M. Li, C.-W. Zheng, and M.-R. Chen, “Design of fractional order PID controller for automatic regulator voltage system based on multi-objective extremal optimization,” Neurocomputing, vol. 160, pp. 173–184, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2015.02.051.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Chen, X. Yuan, B. Ji, P. Wang, and H. Tian, “Design of a fractional order PID controller for hydraulic turbine regulating system using chaotic non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 84, pp. 390–404, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.04.052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Wang, G. Zeng, Y. Dai, D. Bi, J. Sun, and X. Xie, “Design of a fractional order frequency PID controller for an islanded microgrid: A multi-objective extremal optimization method,” Energies, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 1502, 2017. DOI: 10.3390/en10101502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I. Pan and S. Das, “Fractional-order load frequency control of interconnected power systems using chaotic multi-objective optimization,” Appl. Soft Comput., vol. 29, pp. 328–344, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2014.12.032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. H. Khooban, T. Niknam, M. Shasadeghi, T. Dragicevic, and F. Blaabjerg, “Load frequency control in microgrids based on a stochastic non-integer controller,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 853–859, 2018. DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2763607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Han, P. M. Young, A. Jain, and D. Zimmerle, “Robust control for microgrid frequency deviation reduction with attached storage system,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 2014. DOI: 10.1109/TSG.2014.2320984.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Khezri, S. Golshannavaz, S. Shokoohi, and H. Bevrani, “Fuzzy logic based fine-tuning approach for robust load frequency control in a multi-area power system,” Electric Power Comp. Syst., vol. 44, no. 18, pp. 2073–2083, 2016. DOI: 10.1080/15325008.2016.1210265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V. P. Singh, S. R. Mohanty, N. Kishor, and P. K. Ray, “Robust H-infinity load frequency control in hybrid distributed generation system,” Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 46, pp. 294–305, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.10.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Kayalvizhi and D. M. V. Kumar, “Load frequency control of an isolated micro grid using fuzzy adaptive model predictive control,” IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 16241–16251, 2017. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2735545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. N. Venkat, I. A. Hiskens, J. B. Rawlings, and S. J. Wright, “Distributed MPC strategies with application to power system automatic generation control,” IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol., vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 1192–1206, 2008. DOI: 10.1109/TCST.2008.919414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Dehghani, M. H. Khooban, T. Niknam, and S. M. R. Rafiei, “Time-varying sliding mode control strategy for multibus low-voltage microgrids with parallel connected renewable power sources in islanding mode,” J. Energy Eng., vol. 142, no. 4, pp. 05016002, 2016. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Datta and T. Senjyu, “Fuzzy control of distributed PV inverters/energy storage systems/electric vehicles for frequency regulation in a large power system,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 479–488, 2013. DOI: 10.1109/TSG.2012.2237044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Pahasa and I. Ngamroo, “PHEVs bidirectional charging/discharging and SoC control for microgrid frequency stabilization using multiple MPC,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 526–528, 2015. DOI: 10.1109/TSG.2014.2372038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Ota, H. Taniguchi, T. Nakajima, K. M. Liyanage, J. Baba, and A. Yokoyama, Eds., Autonomous Distributed V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) considering Charging Request and Battery Condition, ser. Proc. 2010 IEEE PES Innov. Smart Grid Technol. Conf., Europe, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• S. Vachirasricirikul and I. Ngamroo, “Robust LFC in a smart grid with wind power penetration by coordinated V2G control and frequency controller,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 371–380, 2014. DOI: 10.1109/TSG.2013.2264921.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Bevrani, M. R. Feizi, and S. Ataee, “Robust frequency control in an islanded microgrid: H-∞ and μ-synthesis approaches,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 706–717, 2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Annamraju and S. Nandiraju, “Robust frequency control in an autonomous microgrid: A two-stage adaptive fuzzy approach,” Electric Power Comp. Syst., vol. 46, pp. 1–12, 2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. K. Chaturvedi, P. S. Satsangi, and P. K. Kalra, “Load frequency control: A generalised neural network approach,” Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 405–415, 1999. DOI: 10.1016/S0142-0615(99)00010-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Cam and I. Kocaarslan, “Load frequency control in two area power systems using fuzzy logic controller,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 233–243, 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2004.02.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. C. Das, A. K. Roy, and N. Sinha, “GA based frequency controller for solar thermal-diesel-wind hybrid energy generation/energy storage system,” Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 262–279, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.05.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. T. A. Hossein Ameli and S. H. Hosseinian, “Multi-stage frequency control of a microgrid in the presence of renewable energy units,” Electric Power Comp. Syst., vol. 45, pp. 1–12, 2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Pothiya, I. Ngamroo, S. Runggeratigul, and P. Tantaswadi, “Design of optimal fuzzy logic based PI controller using multiple tabu search algorithm for load frequency control,” Int. J. Control Automat. Syst., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 155–164, 2006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Gozde, M. C. Taplamacioglu, and I. Kocaarslan, “Comparative performance analysis of artificial bee colony algorithm in automatic generation control for interconnected reheat thermal power system,” Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 167–178, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.03.039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. K. Sahu, S. Panda, and U. K. Rout, “DE optimized parallel 2-DOF PID controller for load frequency control of power system with governor dead-band nonlinearity,” Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 49, pp. 19–33, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.12.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Nanda, S. Mishra, and L. C. Saikia, “Maiden application of bacterial foraging-based optimization technique in multiarea automatic generation control,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 602–609, 2009. DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2016588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. D. Madasu, M. S. Kumar, and A. K. Singh, “A flower pollination algorithm based automatic generation control of interconnected power system,” Ain Shams Eng. J. (Elsevier), vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1215–1210, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2016.06.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Sharma and L. C. Saikia, “Automatic generation control of a multi-area ST-thermal power system using grey wolf optimizer algorithm based classical controllers,” Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 73, pp. 853–862, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.06.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. R. Khalghani, M. H. Khooban, E. Mahboubi-Moghaddam, N. Vafamand, and M. Goodarzi, “A self-tuning load frequency control strategy for microgrids: Human brain emotional learning,” Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 75, pp. 311–319, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.08.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. H. Khooban and T. Niknam, “A new intelligent online fuzzy tuning approach for multi-area load frequency control: Self adaptive modified bat algorithm,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 71, pp. 254–261, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.03.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. H. Khooban, “Secondary load frequency control of time-delay stand-alone microgrids with electric vehicles,” 2017. this article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of the journal of IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2017.2784385.
   Google Scholar
• M.-H. Khooban, T. Dragicevic, F. Blaabjerg, and M. Delimar, “Shipboard microgrids: A novel approach to load frequency control,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 843–852, 2018. DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2763605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Guha, P. K. Roy, and S. Banerjee, “Application of backtracking search algorithm in load frequency control of multi-area interconnected power system,” Ain Shams Eng. J., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 257–220, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2016.01.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Guha, P. Kumar, and R. S. Banerjee, “Study of differential search algorithm based automatic generation control of an interconnected thermal-thermal system with governor dead band,” Appl. Soft Comput., vol. 52, pp. 160–175, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2016.12.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Raju, L. C. Saikia, and N. Sinha, “Automatic generation control of a multi-area system using ant lion optimizer algorithm based PID plus second order derivative controller,” Elect. Power Energy Syst., vol. 80, pp. 52–63, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.01.037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Guha, P. K. Roy and S. Banerjee, “Multi-verse optimisation: A novel method for solution of load frequency control problem in power system,” IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 11, no. 14, pp. 3601–3611, 2017. DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Guha, P. K. Roy and S. Banerjee, “Symbiotic organism search algorithm applied to load frequency control of multi-area power system,” Energy Syst., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 439–430, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s12667-017-0232-1.
   Google Scholar
• M. Gheisarnejad and M. H. Khooban, “Secondary load frequency control for multi-microgrids: HiL real-time simulation,” Soft Comput., vol. 23, pp. 1–14, 2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. H. Wolpert and W. G. Macready, “No free lunch theorems for optimization,” IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 67–82, 1997. DOI: 10.1109/4235.585893.
   Google Scholar
• S. Mirjalili, A. H. Gandomi, S. Z. Mirjalili, S. Saremi, H. Faris, and S. M. Mirjalili, “Salp swarm algorithm: A bio-inspired optimizer for engineering design problems,” Adv. Eng. Softw., vol. 114, pp. 163–191, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2017.07.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. G. Hussien, A. E. Hassanien, “Swarming behaviour of salps algorithm for predicting chemical compound activities,” in The 8th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Information Systems (ICICIS 2017), E. H. Houssein, Ed., 2017, pp. 315–320. DOI: 10.1109/INTELCIS.2017.8260072.
   Google Scholar
• A. Ibrahim, A. Ahmed, S. Hussein, and A. E. Hassanien, “Fish image segmentation using salp swarm algorithm,” in Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature, vol. 723, pp. 42–51, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• H. Zhao, G. Huang and N. Yan, “Forecasting energy-related CO2 emissions employing a novel SSA-LSSVM model: Considering structural factors in China,” Energies (MDPI), vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 781–721, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/en11040781.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. J. Lee and L. Wang, “Small-signal stability analysis of an autonomous hybrid renewable energy power generation/energy storage system part I: Time-domain simulations,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 311–320, 2008. DOI: 10.1109/TEC.2007.914309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Vilanova and A. Visioli, Eds., PID Control in the Third Millennium: Lessons Learned and New Approaches, ser. Advances in Industrial Control. London: Springer, 2012,
   Google Scholar
• S. A. Wankhade, C. B. Kadu, and and B. J. Parvat, “PI-PD smith predictor based cascade controller designing,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Engineering and Communication Technology, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Singapore: Springer Science + Business Media, 2017, pp. 231–240.
   Google Scholar