A New Approach to Current Transformer Saturation Compensation for Transmission Line Differential Protection

References

• P. M. Anderson, C. F. Henville, R. Rifaat, B. Johnson, and S. Meliopoulos, Power System Protection, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Wiley-IEEE Press, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• R. Hunt, “Impact of CT errors on protective relays—case studies and analyses,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 52–61, Feb. 2012. DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2011.2175879.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Namdari, S. Jamali, and P. A. Crossley, “Power differential based wide area protection,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 77, no. 12, pp. 1541–1551, Oct. 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2006.10.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Ziegler, Numerical Differential Protection: Principles and Applications, 2nd ed. Erlangen, BY, Germany: Publicis, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Z. Y. Xu et al., “A current differential relay for a 1000-kV UHV transmission line,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1392–1399, Jul. 2007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Xue, B. Kasztenny, D. Taylor, and Y. Xia, “Line differential protection under unusual system conditions,” presented at 67th Annual Georgia Tech Protective Relaying Conf., Atlanta, GA, May 8, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• B. Kasztenny, G. Benmouyal, H. J. Altuve, and N. Fischer, “Tutorial on operating characteristics of microprocessor-based multiterminal line current differential relays,” presented at 38th Annual Western Protective Relay Conf., Spokane, WA, Oct. 19, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• A. Hargrave, M. J. Thompson, and B. Heilman, “Beyond the knee point: a practical guide to CT saturation,” presented at 71st Annual CPRE, College Station, TX, Mar. 29, 2018, pp. 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• IEEE Standard C37.235-2021, IEEE Guide for the Application of Rogowski Coils Used for Protective Relaying Purposes, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• M. H. Samimi, A. Mahari, M. A. Farahnakian, and H. Mohseni, “The Rogowski coil principles and applications: a review,” IEEE Sens. J., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 651–658, Feb. 2015. DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2014.2362940.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Bagheri, M. Allahbakhshi, and D. Behi, “Utilizing Rogowski coil for saturation detection and compensation in iron core current transformer,” presented at ICEE, Tehran, May 3, 2017, pp. 1066–1071.
   Google Scholar
• O. Hari Gupta and M. Tripathy, “An improved pilot relaying scheme for shunt compensated transmission line protection based on superimposed reactive power coefficients,” Electr. Power Compon. Syst., vol. 45, no. 20, pp. 2228–2245, Mar. 2018. DOI: 10.1080/15325008.2017.1376361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. K. Murugan, S. P. Simon, K. Sundareswaran, S. R. N. Panugothu, and N. P. Padhy, “Hardware-in-the loop testing of power transformer differential relay using RTDS and DSP,” Electr. Power Compon. Syst., vol. 47, no. 11-12, pp. 1090–1100, Sep. 2019. DOI: 10.1080/15325008.2019.1659449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Sanati and Y. Alinejad-Beromi, “Avoid current transformer saturation using adjustable switched resistor demagnetization method,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 92–101, Feb. 2021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Ivanov, P. Vorobev, J. Bialek, R. Kanafeev, and M. Yanin, “Fiber optic current transformers for transformer differential protection during inrush current: a field study,” presented at 2021 IEEE Madrid Power Tech. Conf., Madrid, ES, Jun. 28–Jul. 2, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• IEEE Standard C37.110-2023, IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used for Protective Relaying Purposes, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• J. Herlender, J. Iżykowski and K. Solak, “Compensation of the current transformer saturation effects for transmission line fault location with impedance-differential relay,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 182, p. 106223, May 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Hajipour, M. Vakilian, and M. Sanaye-Pasand, “Current transformer saturation compensation for transformer differential relays,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2293–2302, Oct. 2015. DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2015.2411736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Naseri, Z. Kazemi, E. Farjah, and T. Ghanbari, “Fast detection and compensation of current transformer saturation using extended Kalman filter,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 1087–1097, Jun. 2019. DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2019.2895802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. P. Medeiros and F. B. Costa, “A wavelet-based transformer differential protection with differential current transformer saturation and cross-country fault detection,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 789–799, Apr. 2018. DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2017.2764062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Noshad, “A new algorithm for three-phase power transformer differential protection considering effect of ultra-saturation phenomenon based on discrete wavelet transform” Int. J. Emerg. Electr. Power Syst., vol. 20, no. 1, 2019. DOI: 10.1515/ijeeps-2017-0233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Diehui, “Modified discrete fourier transform algorithm for parameter estimation of sinusoidal signal with decaying DC offset,” presented at 10th ICICTA, Changsha, China, Oct. 9–10, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• W. J. Kim and S. H. Kang, “A DC offset removal algorithm based on AR model,” J. Int. Counc. Electr. Eng., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 156–162, Sep. 2018. DOI: 10.1080/22348972.2018.1515692.
   Google Scholar
• A. Hooshyar, M. Sanaye-Pasand, and M. Davarpanah, “Development of a new derivative-based algorithm to detect current transformer saturation,” IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 207–217, 2012. DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2011.0476.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Bahari, T. Hasani, and H. Sevedi, “A new stabilizing method of differential protection against current transformer saturation using current derivatives,” presented at 14th IPAPS, Tehran, IR, 31 Dec. 31, 2019–Jan. 1, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• N. Villamagna and P. A. Crossley, “A CT saturation detection algorithm using symmetrical components for current differential protection,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 38–45, 2006. DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2005.848654.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Afrandideh and F. Haghjoo, “A DFT-based phasor estimation method robust to primary and secondary decaying DC components,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 208, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2022.107907.
   Google Scholar
• S. Biswal and M. Biswal, “Algorithm for CT saturation detection with the presence of noise,” presented at 4th ICEES Conf., Chennai, IN, Feb. 7–9, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• T. Y. Ji, Q. He, M. J. Shi, M. S. Li, and Q. H. Wu, “CT saturation detection and compensation using mathematical morphology and linear regression,” presented at ISGT Asia Conf., Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Nov. 28–Dec. 1 2016.
   Google Scholar
• E. M. Musyoka and C.-k. Chang, “ANN based model for current transformers’ saturation error compensation in medium voltage switchgears,” J. Electr. Eng. Technol., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 2171–2179, Feb. 2022. DOI: 10.1007/s42835-022-01052-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Khorashadi-Zadeh and M. Sanaye-Pasand, “Correction of saturated current transformers secondary current using ANNs,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 73–79, Jan. 2006. DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2005.858799.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Erenturk, “ANFIS-based compensation algorithm for current-transformer saturation effects,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 73–79, Jan. 2009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Saghafi and M. B. Ghofrani, “Real-time estimation of break sizes during LOCA in nuclear power plants using NARX neural network,” Nucl. Eng. Technol., vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 702–708, Jun. 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2018.11.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. F. B. Carbonera, D. Pinheiro Bernardon, D. de Castro Karnikowski, and F. A. Farret, “The nonlinear autoregressive network with exogenous inputs (NARX) neural network to damp power system oscillations,” Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst., vol. 31, no. 1, Jan. 2021. DOI: 10.1002/2050-7038.12538.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Q. Liu, “Research on saturation characteristics and modeling method for transformer based on J-A model,” presented at CIYCEE Conf., Wuhan, China, 2020, pp. 1–5,
   Google Scholar
• M. Ogwata and P. A. Abang, “Pilot communication channels in power system protection,” IRE J., vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 182–185, Jun. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• M. Salehi and F. Namdari, “Fault location on branched networks using mathematical morphology,” IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 207–216, 2018. DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Alibakhshi-Kenari, M. Naser-Moghadasi, R. A. Sadeghzadeh, B. S. Virdee, and E. Limiti, “Traveling-wave antenna based on metamaterial transmission line structure for use in multiple wireless communication applications,” AEUE Elsevier—Int. J. Electr. Commun., vol. 70, no. 12, pp. 1645–1650, Dec. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2016.10.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Alibakhshi-Kenari, “Automated reconfigurable antenna impedance for optimum power transfer,” presented at IEEE APMC Conf., SG, Singapore, Dec. 2019, pp. 1461–1463.
   Google Scholar
• M. Alibakhshikenari et al., “A comprehensive survey of metamaterial transmission line based antennas: design, challenges, and applications,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 144778–144808, Aug. 2020. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3013698.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar