Posttraumatic Growth, Positive Changes, and Negative Changes in Madrid Residents following the March 11, 2004, Madrid Train Bombings

References

• American Psychiatric Association . ( 2000 ). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( , 4th ed. , text revision ). Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Bramson , I. , Dirkzwager , A. J. E. , van Esch , S. C. M. , & van der Ploeg , H. M. (2001) . Consistency of self-reports of traumatic events in a population of Dutch peacekeepers: Reason for optimism? Journal of Traumatic Stress , 14 , 733 – 740 . [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calhoun , L. G. & Tedeschi , R. G. ( 1999 ). Facilitating posttraumatic growth: A clinician's guide . Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Cordova , M. J. , Cunningham , L. L. C. , Carlson , C. R. , & Andrykowski , M. A. (2001). Posttraumatic growth following breast cancer: A controlled comparison study. Health Psychology , 20, 176–185. [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evers , A. W. M. , Kraaimaat , F. W. , van Lankveld , W. , Jongen , P. J. H. , Jacobs , J. W. G. , & Bojlsma , J. W. J. ( 2001 ). Beyond unfavorable thinking: The illness cognition questionnaire for chronic diseases . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 69 , 1026 – 1036 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier , P. , Conlon , A. , & Glaser , T. ( 2001 ). Positive and negative life changes following sexual assault . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 69 , 1048 – 1055 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier , P. , Tashiro , T. , Berman , M. , Steger , M. , & Long , J. ( 2004 ). Correlates of levels and patterns of positive life changes following sexual assault . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 72 , 19 – 30 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Instituto Nacional de Estadistica ( 2001 ). Censo de Poblacion y Viviendas. Retrieved October 9, 2005, from www.ine.es
   Google Scholar
• Joseph , S. , Linley , P. A. , Andrews , L. , Harris , G. , Howle , B. , Woodward , C. , & Shevlin , M. ( 2005 ). Assessing positive and negative changes in the aftermath of trauma: Psychometric evaluation of the changes in outlook questionnaire . Psychological Assessment , 17 , 70 – 80 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph , S. , Linley , P. A. , & Harris , G. ( 2005 ). Understanding positive change following trauma and adversity: Structural clarification . Journal of Loss and Trauma , 10 , 83 – 96 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph , S. , Linley , P. A. , Harwood , J. , Lewis , C. A. , & McCollam , P. ( 2004 ). Rapid assessment of well-being: The Short Depression-Happiness scale (SDHS) . Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice , 77 , 463 – 478 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph , S. , Williams , R. , & Yule , W. ( 1993 ). Changes in outlook following disaster: The preliminary development of a measure to assess positive and negative responses . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 6 , 271 – 279 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linley , P. A. ( 2003 ). Positive adaptation to trauma: Wisdom as both process and outcome . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 16 , 601 – 610 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linley , P. A. & Joseph , S. ( 2004 ). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 17 , 11 – 21 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linley , P. A. & Joseph , S. ( 2005 ). Positive and negative changes following occupational death exposure . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 18 , 751 – 758 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linley , P. A. & Joseph , S. ( 2006 ). The positive and negative effects of disaster work: A preliminary investigation . Journal of Loss and Trauma , 11 , 229 – 245 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linley , P. A. , Joseph , S. , Cooper , R. , Harris , S. , & Meyer , C. ( 2003 ). Positive and negative changes following vicarious exposure to the September 11 terrorist attacks . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 16 , 481 – 485 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linley , P. A. , Joseph , S. , & Loumidis , K. ( 2005 ). Trauma work, sense of coherence, and positive and negative changes in therapists . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 74 , 185 – 188 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarland , C. & Alvaro , C. ( 2000 ). The impact of motivation on temporal comparisons: Coping with traumatic events by perceiving personal growth . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 79 , 327 – 343 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNair , D. M. , Lorr , M. , & Droppleman , L. F. (1971). Manual for the Profile of Mood States (POMS) . San Diego , CA : Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
   Google Scholar
• Park , C. L. , Cohen , L. H. , & Murch , R. ( 1996 ). Assessment and prediction of stress-related growth . Journal of Personality , 64 , 71 – 105 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polatinsky , S. & Esprey , Y. ( 2000 ). An assessment of gender differences in the perception of benefit resulting from loss of a child . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 13 , 709 – 718 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell , S. , Rosner , R. , Butollo , W. , Tedeschi , R. G. , & Calhoun , L. G. ( 2003 ). Posttraumatic growth after war: A study with former refugees and displaced people in Sarajevo . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 59 , 71 – 83 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salter , E. & Stallard , P. ( 2004 ). Posttraumatic growth in child survivors of a road traffic accident . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 17 , 335 – 340 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster , M. A. , Stein , B. D. , Jaycox , L. H. , Collins , R. L. , Marshall , G. N. , et al. . ( 2001 ). A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks . New England Journal of Medicine , 345 , 1507 – 1512 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon , K. M. , Ryan , R. M. , Rawsthorne , L. J. , & Ilardi , B. ( 1997 ). Trait self and true self: Cross-role variation in the big-five personality traits and its relations with psychological authenticity and subjective well-being . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 , 1380 – 1393 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi , R. G. & Calhoun , L. G. ( 1995 ). Trauma and transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Tedeschi , R. G. & Calhoun , L. G. ( 1996 ). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 9 , 455 – 471 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi , R. G. & Calhoun , L. G. ( 2004 a). A clinical approach to posttraumatic growth . In P. A. Linley & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice (pp. 405 – 419 ). Hoboken , NJ : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Tedeschi , R. G. & Calhoun , L. G. ( 2004b ). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence . Psychological Inquiry , 15 , 1 – 18 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi , R. G. , Park , C. L. , & Calhoun , L. G. (Eds.). ( 1998 ). Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis . Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Updegraff , J. A. , Taylor , S. E. , Kemeny , M. E. , & Wyatt , G. E. ( 2001 ). Positive and negative effects of HIV infection in women with low socioeconomic resources . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 28 , 382 – 394 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Vlahov , D. , Galea , S. , Resnick , H. , Ahern , J. , Boscarino , J. A. , et al. . ( 2002 ). Increased use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among Manhattan, New York, residents after the September 11th terrorist attacks . American Journal of Epidemiology , 155 , 988 – 996 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , T. ( 2002 ). Posttraumatic growth in women with breast cancer and their husbands: An intersubjective validation study . Journal of Psychosocial Oncology , 20 , 65 – 80 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar