Publication Cover
Journal of Loss and Trauma
International Perspectives on Stress & Coping
Volume 21, 2016 - Issue 6
329
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Unveiling the War Child Syndrome: Finnish War Children's Experiences of the Evacuation to Sweden During WWII from a Lifetime Perspective

&
Pages 575-588 | Received 26 Jul 2015, Accepted 21 Dec 2015, Published online: 19 Apr 2016

References

  • Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & La Greca, A. M. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11, 1–49. doi:10.1177/1529100610387086
  • Bowes, L., Maughan, B., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2010). Families promote emotional and behavioural resilience to bullying: Evidence of an environmental effect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 809–817. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02216.x
  • Bowlby, J. (1958). The nature of the child's tie to his mother. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39, 350–371.
  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. I. Loss. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Bromberg, P. H. (2006). Treating patients with symptoms—And symptoms with patience. In A. Cooper (Ed.), Contemporary psychoanalysis in America: Leading analysts present their work (pp. 21–44). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Brown, B. B., & Perkins, D. D. (1992). Disruptions in place attachment. In I. Altman & S. Low (Eds.), Human behavior and environment: Advances in theory and research: Vol. 1. Place attachment. (pp. 279–304). New York, NY: Plenum.
  • Claesson, K., & Sohlberg, S. (2002). Internalized shame and early interactions characterized by indifference, abandonment and rejection: Replicated findings. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 9, 277–284. doi:10.1002/cpp.331
  • Clogg, C. C. (1995). Latent class models. In G. Arminger, C. C. Clogg, & M. E. Sobel (Eds.), Handbook of statistical modeling for the social and behavioral sciences ( Ch. 6, pp. 311–359). New York, NY: Plenum.
  • Eriksson, M., Räikkönen, K., & Eriksson, J. G. (2014). Early life stress and later health outcomes: Findings from the Helsinki Birth Cohort study. American Journal of Human Biology, 26, 111–116. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22502
  • Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E. L., & Target, WM. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. New York, NY: Other Press.
  • Fossum, M. A., & Mason, M. J. (1986). Facing shame: Families in recovery. New York, NY: Norton.
  • Foster, D., Davies, S., & Steele, H. (2003). The evacuation of British children during World War II: A preliminary investigation into the long-term psychological effects. Aging & Mental Health, 7, 398–408. doi:10.1080/1360786031000150711
  • Hahn, W. K. (2000). Shame: Countertransference identifications in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 37, 10–21. doi:10.1037/h0087670
  • Heilala, C., Kalland, M., Komulainen, E., Solovieva, S., & Santavirta, N. (2014). Effects of evacuation in late adulthood: Analyzing psychosocial well-being in three cluster groups of Finnish evacuees and non-evacuees. Aging & Mental Health, 18, 869–878. doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.896864
  • Heilala, C., Kalland, M., Solovieva, S., & Santavirta, N. (2015). Risk behavior and mental health in aging WWII Finnish child evacuees and non-evacuees. Unpublished manuscript.
  • Joiner, T. E., & Wagner, K. D. (1995). Attributional style and depression in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 15, 777–798. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(95)00046-1
  • Kelley, S. A., Brownell, C. A., & Campbell, S. B. (2000). Mastery motivation and self-evaluative affect in toddlers: Longitudinal relations with maternal behavior. Child Development, 7, 1061–1071. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00209
  • Korpela, K., Kyttä, M., & Hartig, T. (2002). Restorative experience, self-regulation and children's place preferences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 22, 387–398.
  • Krippendorff, K. (2013). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
  • Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
  • Lomu, J. L. (1974). [The child evacuation committee and its archives 1941–1949.] Publication Series of the National Archives, 1974; No 441:5a. National Archives of Finland.
  • Masten, A. S., Burt, K. B., Roisman, G. I., Obradovic, J., Long, J. D., & Tellegen, A. (2004). Resources and resilience in the transition to adulthood: Continuity and change. Developmental Psychopathology, 16, 1071–1094. doi:10.1017/s0954579404040143
  • Masten, A. S., & Osofsky, J. D. (2010). Disasters and their impact on child development: Introduction to the special section. Child Development, 81, 1029–1039. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01452.x
  • Mattsson, B., & Maliniemi-Piispanen, S. (2011). An interview study with a Finnish war child. The Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review, 34, 31–40. doi:10.1080/01062301.2011.10592881
  • Mattsson, B., & Maliniemi-Piispanen, S. (2013). Thinking about the unknown. An interview study of Finnish war children. Trauma and Memory, 1, 34–46.
  • Mills, R. S. L. (2004). Taking stock of the developmental literature on shame. Developmental Review, 25, 26–63. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2004.08.001
  • Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Pereg, D. (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 77–102.
  • Norris, F. H., Friedman, M., Watson, P. J., Christopher, M., Byrne, B. A., Eolia Diaz, B. A., & Kaniasty, K. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981–2001. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 65, 207–239. doi:10.1521/psyc.65.3.207.20173
  • Räikkönen, K., Lahti, M., Heinonen, K., Pesonen, A.-K., Wahlbeck, K., Kajantie, E., … Eriksson, J. G. (2011). Risk of severe mental disorders in adults separated temporarily from their parents in childhood: The Helsinki birth cohort study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 332–338. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.07.003
  • Räsänen, E. (1992). Excessive life changes during childhood and their effects on mental and physical health in adulthood. Acta Paedopsychiatria, 55, 19–24.
  • Rusby, J. S., & Tasker, F. (2009). Long-term effects of the British evacuation of children during World War 2 on their adult mental health. Aging & Mental Health, 13, 391–404. doi:org/10.1080/13607860902867750
  • Santavirta, N., & Santavirta, T. (2013). Child protection and adult depression: Evaluating the long-term consequences of evacuating children to foster care during World War II. Health Economics, 23, 253–267. doi:10.1002/hec.2913
  • Santavirta, T., Santavirta, N., Betancourt, T., & Gilman, S. (2015). Long term mental health outcomes of Finnish children evacuated to Swedish families during the Second World War and their non-evacuated siblings: Cohort study. British Medical Journal, 350, g7753–g7753. doi:10.1136/bmj.g7753
  • Shmotkin, D. (2003). Vulnerability and resilience intertwined: A review of research on Holocaust survivors. In R. Jacoby & G. Keinan (Eds.), Between adversity and hope: From a disease-centered to a health-centered perspective (pp. 213–233). Westport, CT: Praeger.
  • Tangney, J. P. (2002). Humility. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 411–419). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • van der Kolk, B. A. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder: Toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories. Psychiatric Annals, 35, 401–410.
  • Ware, J. E., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short form health survey (SF-36). Medical Care, 30, 473–483.
  • Waugh, M. J., Robbins, I., Davies, S., & Feigenbaum, J. (2007). The long-term impact of war experiences and evacuation on people who were children during World War Two. Aging & Mental Health, 11, 168–174. doi:10.1080/13607860600844473
  • Wennerberg, T. (2010). Vi är våra relationer [We are our relations]. Stockholm, Sweden. Natur & Kultur.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.