Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Complex Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, and Coping Styles among Internally Displaced Ukrainians

References

• Acarturk, C., Uygun, E., Ilkkursun, Z., Carswell, K., Tedeschi, F., Batu, M., Eskici, S., Kurt, G., Anttila, M., Au, T., Baumgartner, J., Churchill, R., Cuijpers, P., Becker, T., Koesters, M., Lantta, T., Nosè, M., Ostuzzi, G., Popa, M., … Barbui, C. (2022). Effectiveness of a WHO self‐help psychological intervention for preventing mental disorders among Syrian refugees in Turkey: A randomized controlled trial. World Psychiatry, 21(1), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohucharova, O. I. (2017). Psychological mechanisms of post stress personality development of Ukrainian forced migrants with UIDP status. Український психологічний журнал, (4), 17–32.
   Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: Consider the brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, A., Makhashvili, N., Javakhishvili, J., Karachevsky, A., Kharchenko, N., Shpiker, M., & Roberts, B. (2019). Patterns of somatic distress among internally displaced persons in Ukraine: Analysis of a cross-sectional survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54(10), 1265–1274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01652-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C. R., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Maercker, A., Karatzias, T., & Hyland, P. (2018). The International Trauma Questionnaire: Development of a self‐report measure of ICD‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138(6), 536–546. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Elklit, A., Lasgaard, M., & Palic, S. (2012). Social support, coping and posttraumatic stress symptoms in young refugees. Torture: Quarterly Journal on Rehabilitation of Torture Victims and Prevention of Torture, 22(1), 11–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: A systematic review. Lancet, 365(9467), 1309–1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61027-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finklestein, M., Laufer, A., & Solomon, Z. (2012). Coping strategies of Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: Association with PTSD and dissociation. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53(6), 490–498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00972.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flora, D. B., & Curran, P. J. (2004). An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychological Methods, 9(4), 466–491. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.9.4.466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 745–774. 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.14145614744233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21(3), 219–239. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorst-Unsworth, C., & Goldenberg, E. (1998). Psychological sequelae of torture and organised violence suffered by refugees from Iraq. Trauma-related factors compared with social factors in exile. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 172, 90–94. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.1.90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huijts, I., Kleijn, W. C., van Emmerik, A. A., Noordhof, A., & Smith, A. J. (2012). Dealing with man‐made trauma: The relationship between coping style, posttraumatic stress, and quality of life in resettled, traumatized refugees in the Netherlands. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(1), 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyland, P., Vallières, F., Cloitre, M., Ben-Ezra, M., Karatzias, T., Olff, M., Murphy, J., & Shevlin, M. (2021). Trauma, PTSD, and complex PTSD in the Republic of Ireland: Prevalence, service use, comorbidity, and risk factors. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56(4), 649–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01912-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Revision (ICD-11) & World Health Organization. (2019/2022). https://icd.who.int/browse11. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivatives 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-ND 3.0 IGO).
   Google Scholar
• International Organization for Migration. (2022, May 3). Ukraine International Displacement Report, Round 4. Retrieved from https://displacement.iom.int/reports/ukraine-internal-displacement-report-general-population-survey-round-4-29-april-3-may-2022
   Google Scholar
• Karatzias, T., & Cloitre, M. (2019). Treating adults with complex posttraumatic stress disorder using a modular approach to treatment: Rationale, evidence, and directions for future research. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 870–876. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Bradley, A., Cloitre, M., Roberts, N. P., Bisson, J. I., & Shevlin, M. (2019). Risk factors and comorbidity of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: Findings from a trauma-exposed population based sample of adults in the United Kingdom. Depression and Anxiety, 36(9), 887–894. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kira, I. A., Aljakoub, J., Al Ibraheem, B., Shuwiekh, H., & Ashby, J. S. (2022). The etiology of Complex PTSD in the COVID-19 and continuous traumatic stressors era: A test of competing and allied models. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 27(7), 608–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2022.2028094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kira, I., Ashby, J. S., Lewandowski, L., Alawneh, A. N., Mohanesh, J., & Odenat, L. (2013). Advances in continuous traumatic stress theory: Traumatogenic dynamics and consequences of intergroup conflict: The Palestinian adolescents case. Psychology, 4(4), 396–409. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2013.44057
   Google Scholar
• Kira, I., Ashby, J. S., Omidy, A. Z., & Lewandowski, L. (2015). Current, continuous, and cumulative trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy: A new model for trauma counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 37(4), 323–340. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.37.4.04
   Google Scholar
• Lely, J. C., Smid, G. E., Jongedijk, R. A., W. Knipscheer, J., & Kleber, R. J. (2019). The effectiveness of narrative exposure therapy: a review, meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1) https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1550344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, X., & Yang, Y. (2014). An evaluation of WLSMV and Bayesian methods for confirmatory factor analysis with categorical indicators. International Journal of Quantitative Research in Education, 2(1), 17–38. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJQRE.2014.060972
   Google Scholar
• Matheson, K., Jorden, S., & Anisman, H. (2008). Relations between trauma experiences and psychological, physical and neuroendocrine functioning among Somali refugees: Mediating role of coping with acculturation stressors. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 10(4), 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-007-9086-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor, L. S., Melvin, G. A., & Newman, L. K. (2015). Familial separations, coping styles, and PTSD symptomatology in resettled refugee youth. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203(6), 431–438. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morina, N., Akhtar, A., Barth, J., & Schnyder, U. (2018). Psychiatric disorders in refugees and internally displaced persons after forced displacement: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 433. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2018). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Nickerson, A., Cloitre, M., Bryant, R. A., Schnyder, U., Morina, N., & Schick, M. (2016). The factor structure of complex posttraumatic stress disorder in traumatized refugees. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7(1), 33253. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v7.33253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham, P. N., Weinstein, H. M., & Longman, T. (2004). Trauma and PTSD symptoms in Rwanda: Implications for attitudes toward justice and reconciliation. JAMA, 292(5), 602–612. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.5.602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Developmental Review, 41, 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramachandran, A., Makhashvili, N., Javakhishvili, J., Karachevskyy, A., Kharchenko, N., Shpiker, M., Ezard, N., Fuhr, D. C., & Roberts, B. (2019). Alcohol use among conflict-affected persons in Ukraine: risk factors, coping and access to mental health services. European Journal of Public Health, 29(6), 1141–1146. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz11731230084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raykov, T. (1997). Scale reliability, Cronbach’s coefficient alpha, and violations of essential tau-equivalence with fixed congeneric components. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 32(4), 329–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/01466216970212006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redican, E., Nolan, E., Hyland, P., Cloitre, M., McBride, O., Karatzias, T., Murphy, J., & Shevlin, M. (2021). A systematic literature review of factor analytic and mixture models of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD using the International Trauma Questionnaire. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 79, 102381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieder, H., & Elbert, T. (2013). Rwanda–lasting imprints of a genocide: trauma, mental health and psychosocial conditions in survivors, former prisoners and their children. Conflict and Health, 7(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1505-7-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts, B., Makhashvili, N., Javakhishvili, J., Karachevskyy, A., Kharchenko, N., Shpiker, M., & Richardson, E. (2019). Mental health care utilisation among internally displaced persons in Ukraine: Results from a nation-wide survey. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 28(1), 100–111. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796017000385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxon, L., Makhashvili, N., Chikovani, I., Seguin, M., McKee, M., Patel, V., Bisson, J., & Roberts, B. (2017). Coping strategies and mental health outcomes of conflict-affected persons in the Republic of Georgia. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 26(3), 276–286. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796016000019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seguin, M., & Roberts, B. (2017). Coping strategies among conflict-affected adults in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic literature review. Global Public Health, 12(7), 811–829. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2015.1107117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., & Karatzias, T. (2022). The psychological consequences of the Ukraine war: What we know, and what we have to learn. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 146(2), 105–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., Vallières, F., Bisson, J., Makhashvili, N., Javakhishvili, J., Shpiker, M., & Roberts, B. (2018). A comparison of DSM‐5 and ICD‐11 PTSD prevalence, comorbidity and disability: An analysis of the Ukrainian Internally Displaced Person’s Mental Health Survey. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 137(2), 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silove, D., Tay, A. K., Kareth, M., & Rees, S. (2017). The relationship of complex post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in a culturally distinct, conflict-affected population: A study among West Papuan refugees displaced to Papua New Guinea. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 73. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiger, J. H. (1980). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors. In Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City.
   Google Scholar
• Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallières, F., Ceannt, R., Daccache, F., Abou Daher, R., Sleiman, J., Gilmore, B., Byrne, S., Shevlin, M., Murphy, J., & Hyland, P. (2018). ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD amongst Syrian refugees in Lebanon: The factor structure and the clinical utility of the International Trauma Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138(6), 547–557. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Blake, D. D., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Marx, B. P., & Keane, T. M. (2013). The life events checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). Instrument available from the National Center for PTSD. Retrieved from www.ptsd.va.gov
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2022). ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics (version: 02/2022).
   Google Scholar