103
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Negative World Assumptions Mediate the Impact of Early Adversity and External Stressors on Mental Health in Young People Amid Social Unrest and COVID-19

ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & show all
Received 25 Jul 2023, Accepted 23 Jan 2024, Published online: 29 Feb 2024

References

  • Albott, C. S., Forbes, M. K., & Anker, J. J. (2018). Association of Childhood Adversity with Differential Susceptibility of Transdiagnostic Psychopathology to Environmental Stress in Adulthood. JAMA Network Open, 1(7), e185354. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.5354
  • Arain, M., Haque, M., Johal, L., Mathur, P., Nel, W., Rais, A., Sandhu, R., & Sharma, S. (2013). Maturation of the adolescent brain. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 449–461. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S39776
  • Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014
  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 2: Separation: Anxiety and Anger. Basic Books.
  • Brewin, C. R., Rose, S., Andrews, B., Green, J., Tata, P., McEvedy, C., Turner, S., & Foa, E. B. (2002). Brief screening instrument for post-traumatic stress disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 181(2), 158–162. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007125000161896
  • Brugha, T., Bebbington, P., Tennant, C., & Hurry, J. (1985). The list of threatening experiences: A subset of 12 life event categories with considerable long-term contextual threat. Psychological Medicine, 15(1), 189–194. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329170002105x
  • Campbell-Sills, L., & Stein, M. B. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(6), 1019–1028. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20271
  • Ceccarelli, C., Prina, E., Muneghina, O., Jordans, M., Barker, E., Miller, K., Singh, R., Acarturk, C., Sorsdhal, K., Cuijpers, P., Lund, C., Barbui, C., & Purgato, M. (2022). Adverse childhood experiences and global mental health: Avenues to reduce the burden of child and adolescent mental disorders. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 31, e75. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796022000580
  • Chan, W. C. H. (2023). Loss of Hometown: Young Hongkongers’ Collective Grief following the 2019 Social Movement. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 2023, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2023.2256226
  • Chen, E. Y. H., & Wong, S. M. Y. (2022). Youth mental health care in a context of large‐scale collective stress. World Psychiatry, 21(1), 85–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20932
  • Chen, L.-L., Abdullah, S. M. U., Chan, W.-M., Chan, B. P.-C., Ip, J. D., Chu, A. W.-H., Lu, L., Zhang, X., Zhao, Y., Chuang, V. W.-M., Au, A. K.-W., Cheng, V. C.-C., Sridhar, S., Yuen, K.-Y., Hung, I. F.-N., Chan, K.-H., & To, K. K.-W. (2022). Contribution of low population immunity to the severe Omicron BA. 2 outbreak in Hong Kong. Nature Communications, 13(1), 3618. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31395-0
  • Cheung, E., & Heung, S. (2022). Coronavirus: Fifth wave under control, says Hong Kong health chief as daily Covid cases fall below 300 for first time since early February. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3176256/coronavirus-hong-kong-reports-283-new-covid-cases.
  • Cheung, P. H. H., Chan, C. P., & Jin, D. Y. (2022). Lessons learned from the fifth wave of COVID-19 in Hong Kong in early 2022. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 11(1), 1072–1078. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2022.2060137
  • Choi, E. P. H., Hui, B. P. H., & Wan, E. Y. F. (2020). Depression and Anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3740. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103740
  • Chung, M. C., & Freh, F. M. (2019). The trajectory of bombing-related posttraumatic stress disorder among Iraqi civilians: Shattered world assumptions and altered self-capacities as mediators; attachment and crisis support as moderators. Psychiatry Research, 273, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.001
  • David, D., Cristea, I., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018). Why cognitive behavioral therapy is the current gold standard of psychotherapy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00004
  • de Jong, E. M., Ziegler, N., & Schippers, M. C. (2020). From shattered goals to meaning in life: Life crafting in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 577708. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577708
  • Elmore, A. L., & Crouch, E. (2020). The association of adverse childhood experiences with anxiety and depression for children and youth, 8 to 17 years of age. Academic Pediatrics, 20(5), 600–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2020.02.012
  • Epstein, S. (1984). Controversial issues in emotion theory. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology: Emotions, relationships, and health (pp. 64–88). SAGE.
  • Ettman, C. K., Cohen, G. H., Abdalla, S. M., Sampson, L., Trinquart, L., Castrucci, B. C., Bork, R. H., Clark, M. A., Wilson, I., Vivier, P. M., & Galea, S. (2022). Persistent depressive symptoms during COVID-19: A national, population-representative, longitudinal study of U.S. adults. Lancet Regional Health. Americas, 5, 100091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2021.100091
  • Ferrajão, P. C., & Elklit, A. (2020). World assumptions and posttraumatic stress in a treatment-seeking sample of survivors of childhood sexual abuse: A longitudinal study. Psychology of Violence, 10(5), 501–508. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000280
  • Ferrajão, P., Faria, I., & Elklit, A. (2023). World assumptions mediate associations between Polytrauma with psychological symptoms in Kenyan Adolescents. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 28(8), 677–695. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2023.2217035
  • Fuhrmann, D., Knoll, L. J., & Blakemore, S. J. (2015). Adolescence as a sensitive period of brain development. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(10), 558–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.008
  • Goldenberg, I., & Matheson, K. (2005). Inner representations, coping, and posttraumatic stress symptomatology in a community sample of trauma survivors. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27(4), 361–369. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2704_9
  • Goldman, H. H., Skodol, A. E., & Lave, T. R. (1992). Revising Axis V for DSM-IV: A review of measures of social functioning. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(9), 1148–1156. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.149.9.1148
  • Grills-Taquechel, A. E., Littleton, H. L., & Axsom, D. (2011). Social support, world assumptions, and exposure as predictors of anxiety and quality of life following a mass trauma. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(4), 498–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.12.003
  • Hammen, C., Henry, R., & Daley, S. E. (2000). Depression and sensitization to stressors among young women as a function of childhood adversity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 782–787. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.782
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (Methodology in the social sciences) (1st ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Herzog, J. I., & Schmahl, C. (2018). Adverse childhood experiences and the consequences on neurobiological, psychosocial, and somatic conditions across the lifespan. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 420. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00420
  • Hui, C. L. M., Wong, S. M. Y., Yu, T. Y. T., Lau, T. T. Y., Choi, O., Tsang, S., Suen, Y. N., Lam, B. Y. H., Wong, C. S. M., Lui, S. S. Y., Chan, K. T., Wong, M. T. H., Wong, G. H. Y., Chan, S. K. W., Lee, E. H. M., Chang, W. C., Wilkins, A., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2023). Visual-stress-related cortical excitability as a prospective marker for symptoms of depression and anxiety in young people. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 273(5), 1051–1060. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-022-01469-7
  • Ip, H., Suen, Y. N., Hui, C. L. M., Wong, S. M. Y., Chan, S. K. W., Lee, E. H. M., Wong, M. T. H., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2022). Assessing anxiety among adolescents in Hong Kong: Psychometric properties and validity of the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) in an epidemiological community sample. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), 703. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04329-9
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (1989). Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition, 7(2), 113–136. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1989.7.2.113
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. Free Press.
  • Jaworska, N., & MacQueen, G. (2015). Adolescence as a unique developmental period. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 40(5), 291–293. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.150268
  • Kashdan, T. B., & Kane, J. Q. (2011). Posttraumatic distress and the presence of posttraumatic growth and meaning in life: Experiential avoidance as a moderator. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(1), 84–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.028
  • Kauhanen, L., Wan Mohd Yunus, W. M. A., Lempinen, L., Peltonen, K., Gyllenberg, D., Mishina, K., Gilbert, S., Bastola, K., Brown, J. S. L., & Sourander, A. (2022). A systematic review of the mental health changes of children and young people before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(6), 995–1013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02060-0
  • Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bromet, E. J., Cardoso, G., Degenhardt, L., de Girolamo, G., Dinolova, R. V., Ferry, F., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Huang, Y., Karam, E. G., Kawakami, N., Lee, S., Lepine, J.-P., Levinson, D., … Koenen, K. C. (2017). Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup5), 1353383. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383
  • Kessler, R. C., & Ustün, T. B. (2004). The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative Version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13(2), 93–121. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.168
  • Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Milanak, M. E., Miller, M. W., Keyes, K. M., & Friedman, M. J. (2013). National estimates of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(5), 537–547. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21848
  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
  • Lai, D. W., Liu, E. H., Yan, E. C., Li, J. J., & Lee, V. W. (2022). Exposure to socio-political unrest and wellbeing of older people in Hong Kong. BMC Geriatrics, 22(1), 768. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03433-5
  • Lam, L. C. W., Wong, C. S. M., Wang, M. J., Chan, W. C., Chen, E. Y. H., Ng, R. M. K., Hung, S. F., Cheung, E. F. C., Sham, P. C., Chiu, H. F. K., Lam, M., Chang, W. C., Lee, E. H. M., Chiang, T. P., Lau, J. T. F., van Os, J., Lewis, G., & Bebbington, P. (2015). Prevalence, psychosocial correlates and service utilization of depressive and anxiety disorders in Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Mental Morbidity Survey (HKMMS). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(9), 1379–1388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1014-5
  • Lee, F. (2020). Solidarity in the anti-extradition bill movement in Hong Kong. Critical Asian Studies, 52(1), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2020.1700629
  • Leung, D. Y. P., Mak, Y. W., Leung, S. F., Chiang, V. C. L., & Loke, A. Y. (2020). Measurement invariances of the PHQ-9 across gender and age groups in Chinese adolescents. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 12(3), e12381. https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12381
  • Lewis, S. J., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Fisher, H. L., Matthews, T., Moffitt, T. E., Odgers, C. L., Stahl, D., Teng, J. Y., & Danese, A. (2019). The epidemiology of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in a representative cohort of young people in England and Wales. The Lancet, 6(3), 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30031-8
  • Lun, K. W., Chan, C. K., Ip, P. K., Ma, S. Y., Tsai, W. W., Wong, C. S., Wong, C. H., Wong, T. W., & Yan, D. (2018). Depression and anxiety among university students in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang yi Xue za Zhi, 24(5), 466–472. https://doi.org/10.12809/hkmj176915
  • Madigan, S., Deneault, A. A., Racine, N., Park, J., Thiemann, R., Zhu, J., Dimitropoulos, G., Williamson, T., Fearon, P., Cénat, J. M., McDonald, S., Devereux, C., & Neville, R. D. (2023). Adverse childhood experiences: A meta‐analysis of prevalence and moderators among half a million adults in 206 studies. World Psychiatry, 22(3), 463–471. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21122
  • Merrick, M. T., Ports, K. A., Ford, D. C., Afifi, T. O., Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2017). Unpacking the impact of adverse childhood experiences on adult mental health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 69, 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.03.016
  • Mak, K. K., Ho, S. Y., Fong, D. Y. T., Lo, W. S., Lai, Y. K., & Lam, T. H. (2011). Norms and demographic differences of the Short Form‐12 Health Survey version 2 in Chinese adolescents. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 47(4), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01939.x
  • Mall, S., Mortier, P., Taljaard, L., Roos, J., Stein, D. J., & Lochner, C. (2018). The relationship between childhood adversity, recent stressors, and depression in college students attending a South African university. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1583-9
  • McEwen, B. S. (2017). Neurobiological and systemic effects of chronic stress. Chronic Stress, 1, 247054701769232. https://doi.org/10.1177/2470547017692328
  • McGuire, A. P., Gauthier, J. M., Anderson, L. M., Hollingsworth, D. W., Tracy, M., Galea, S., & Coffey, S. F. (2018). Social support moderates effects of natural disaster exposure on depression and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: Effects for displaced and nondisplaced residents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(2), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22270
  • McHugh, T., Forbes, D., Bates, G., Hopwood, M., & Creamer, M. (2012). Anger in PTSD: Is there a need for a concept of PTSD-related posttraumatic anger? Clinical Psychology Review, 32(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.013
  • McLaughlin, K. A., Conron, K. J., Koenen, K. C., & Gilman, S. E. (2010). Childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and risk of past-year psychiatric disorder: A test of the stress sensitization hypothesis in a population-based sample of adults. Psychological Medicine, 40(10), 1647–1658. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709992121
  • Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Parker, K. J. (2011). Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 137(6), 959–997. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024768
  • Moretti, M. M., & Peled, M. (2004). Adolescent-parent attachment: Bonds that support healthy development. Paediatrics & Child Health, 9(8), 551–555. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/9.8.551
  • Myin-Germeys, I., Kasanova, Z., Vaessen, T., Vachon, H., Kirtley, O., Viechtbauer, W., & Reininghaus, U. (2018). Experience sampling methodology in mental health research: New insights and technical developments. World Psychiatry, 17(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20513
  • Ng, K. C. (2021). Hong Kong protests: More than 10,200 arrested in connection with unrest since 2019, government tells lawmakers. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3128836/hong-kong-protests-more-10200-arrested-connection-unrest.
  • Ni, M. Y., Yao, X. I., Leung, K. S. M., Yau, C., Leung, C. M. C., Lun, P., Flores, F. P., Chang, W. C., Cowling, B. J., & Leung, G. M. (2020). Depression and post-traumatic stress during major social unrest in Hong Kong: A 10-year prospective cohort study. Lancet, 395(10220), 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)33160-5
  • Nygaard, E., & Heir, T. (2012). World assumptions, posttraumatic stress and quality of life after a natural disaster: A longitudinal study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 10(1), 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-10-76
  • Oken, B. S., Chamine, I., & Wakeland, W. (2015). A systems approach to stress, stressors and resilience in humans. Behavioural Brain Research, 282, 144–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.047
  • Ozbay, F., Johnson, D. C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan Iii, C. A., Charney, D., & Southwick, S. (2007). Social support and resilience to stress: From neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry, 4(5), 35–40.
  • Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257–301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301
  • Park, C. L., Mills, M. A., & Edmondson, D. (2012). PTSD as Meaning Violation: Testing a Cognitive Worldview Perspective. Psychological Trauma, 4(1), 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018792
  • Parkes, C. M. (1971). Psycho-social transitions A field for study. Social Science & Medicine, 5(2), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-7856(71)90091-6
  • Pierce, M., Hope, H., Ford, T., Hatch, S., Hotopf, M., John, A., Kontopantelis, E., Webb, R., Wessely, S., McManus, S., & Abel, K. M. (2020). Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 7(10), 883–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30308-4
  • Poulin, M. J., & Silver, R. C. (2019). When are assumptions shaken? A prospective, longitudinal investigation of negative life events and worldviews in a national sample. Journal of Research in Personality, 83, 103866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103866
  • Qi, M., Zhou, S. J., Guo, Z. C., Zhang, L. G., Min, H. J., Li, X. M., & Chen, J. X. (2020). The effect of social support on mental health in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(4), 514–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.001
  • Sagan, A. (2019). Sample size in multilevel structural equation modelling – The Monte Carlo approach. Econometrics, 23(4), 63–79. https://doi.org/10.15611/eada.2019.4.05
  • Santomauro, D. F., Mantilla Herrera, A. M., Shadid, J., Zheng, P., Ashbaugh, C., Pigott, D. M., Abbafati, C., Adolph, C., Amlag, J. O., Aravkin, A. Y., Bang-Jensen, B. L., Bertolacci, G. J., Bloom, S. S., Castellano, R., Castro, E., Chakrabarti, S., Chattopadhyay, J., Cogen, R. M., Collins, J. K., … Ferrari, A. J. (2021). Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet, 398(10312), 1700–1712. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7
  • Schwartzberg, S. S., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1991). Grief and the search for meaning: Exploring the assumptive worlds of bereaved college students. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10(3), 270–288. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1991.10.3.270
  • Seddighi, H. (2020). COVID-19 as a natural disaster: focusing on exposure and vulnerability for response. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 14(4), e42–e43. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.279
  • Smith, D. J., Hakim, A. J., Leung, G. M., Xu, W., Schluter, W. W., Novak, R. T., Marston, B., & Hersh, B. S. (2022). COVID-19 mortality and vaccine coverage – Hong Kong special administrative region, China, January 6, 2022–March 21, 2022. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(15), 545–548. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7115e1
  • Solmi, M., Radua, J., Olivola, M., Croce, E., Soardo, L., Salazar de Pablo, G., Il Shin, J., Kirkbride, J. B., Jones, P., Kim, J. H., Kim, J. Y., Carvalho, A. F., Seeman, M. V., Correll, C. U., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2021). Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: Large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Molecular Psychiatry, 27(1), 281–295. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01161-7
  • Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
  • The Lancet Psychiatry, (2022). Responding to childhood trauma [Review of Responding to childhood trauma]. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 9(10), 759. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(22)00316-9
  • van Bruggen, V., Ten Klooster, P. M., Van der Aa, N., Smith, A. J., Westerhof, G. J., & Glas, G. (2018). Structural validity of the world assumption scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(6), 816–825. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22348
  • Varma, P., Junge, M., Meaklim, H., & Jackson, M. L. (2021). Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: A global cross-sectional survey. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 109, 110236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110236
  • Ware, J. E., Kosinski, M., & Keller, S. D. (1996). A 12-item short-form health survey: Construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Medical Care, 34(3), 220–233. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003
  • Watkins, L. E., Sprang, K. R., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2018). Treating PTSD: A review of evidence-based psychotherapy interventions. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 258. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00258
  • Wickham, S., & Bentall, R. (2016). Are specific early-life adversities associated with specific symptoms of psychosis?: A patient study considering just world beliefs as a mediator. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(8), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000511
  • Wong, C. S. M., Hui, C. L. M., Suen, Y. N., Wong, S. M. Y., Chang, W. C., Chan, S. K. W., Lee, E. H. M., Lui, S. S. Y., Chan, K. T., Wong, M. T. H., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2023). The Hong Kong youth epidemiological study of mental health (HK‐YES) – A population‐based psychiatric epidemiology study of youth mental health in Hong Kong: A study protocol. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 17(7), 702–707. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.13364
  • Wong, S. M. Y., Chen, E. Y. H., Suen, Y. N., Ho, W. W. K., Chan, S. K. W., Lee, E. H. M., Chan, K. T., Lui, S. S. Y., Wong, M. T. H., & Hui, C. L. M. (2023). Increased psychological distress among young people before and during the fifth wave of COVID-19 after two years of pandemic in Hong Kong: A 6-month longitudinal study. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 433. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04933-3
  • Wong, S. M. Y., Chen, E. Y. H., Suen, Y. N., Wong, C. S. M., Chang, W. C., Chan, S. K. W., McGorry, P. D., Morgan, C., van Os, J., McDaid, D., Jones, P. B., Lam, T. H., Lam, L. C. W., Lee, E. H. M., Tang, E. Y. H., Ip, C. H., Ho, W. W. K., McGhee, S. M., Sham, P. C., & Hui, C. L. M. (2023). Prevalence, time trends, and correlates of major depressive episode and other psychiatric conditions among young people amid major social unrest and COVID-19 in Hong Kong: A representative epidemiological study from 2019 to 2022. The Lancet Regional Health. Western Pacific, 40, 100881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100881
  • Wong, S. M. Y., Hui, C. L. M., Suen, Y. N., Wong, C. S. M., Chan, S. K. W., Lee, E. H. M., Chang, W. C., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2021). The impact of social unrest and pandemic on mental health of young people in Hong Kong: The transdiagnostic role of event-based rumination. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 56(4), 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674211025710
  • Wong, S. M. Y., Hui, C. L. M., Wong, C. S. M., Suen, Y. N., Chan, S. K. W., Lee, E. H. M., Chang, W. C., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2021a). Mental Health Risks after Repeated Exposure to Multiple Stressful Events during Ongoing Social Unrest and Pandemic in Hong Kong: The Role of Rumination: Risques pour la santé mentale après une exposition répétée à de multiples événements stressants d’agitation sociale durable et de pandémie à Hong Kong: le rôle de la rumination. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 66(6), 577–585. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743720979920
  • Wong, S. M. Y., Hui, C. L. M., Wong, C. S. M., Suen, Y. N., Chan, S. K. W., Lee, E. H. M., Chang, W. C., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2021b). Prospective prediction of PTSD and depressive symptoms during social unrest and COVID-19 using a brief online tool. Psychiatry Research, 298, 113773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113773
  • Wong, S. M. Y., Hui, C. L. M., Wong, C. S. M., Suen, Y. N., Chan, S. K. W., Lee, E. H. M., Chang, W. C., Wong, G. H. Y., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2021c). Induced ideas of reference during social unrest and pandemic in Hong Kong. Schizophrenia Research, 229, 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2021.01.027
  • Wong, S. M. Y., Ip, C. H., Hui, C. L. M., Suen, Y. N., Wong, C. S. M., Chang, W. C., Chan, S. K. W., Lee, E. H. M., Lui, S. S. Y., Chan, K. T., Wong, M. T. H., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2022). Prevalence and correlates of suicidal behaviours in a representative epidemiological youth sample in Hong Kong: The significance of suicide-related rumination, family functioning, and ongoing population-level stressors. Psychological Medicine, 53(10), 4603–4613. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291722001519
  • Wong, S. M. Y., Lam, B. Y. H., Wong, C. S. M., Lee, H. P. Y., Wong, G. H. Y., Lui, S. S. Y., Chan, K. T., Wong, M. T. H., Chan, S. K. W., Chang, W. C., Lee, E. H. M., Suen, Y. N., Hui, C. L. M., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2021). Measuring subjective stress among young people in Hong Kong: Validation and predictive utility of the single-item subjective level of stress (SLS-1) in epidemiological and longitudinal community samples. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 30, e61. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796021000445
  • Wong, S. M. Y., Li, Y. Y., Hui, C. L. M., Wong, C. S. M., Wong, T. Y., Cheung, C., Suen, Y. N., Lam, B. Y. H., Lui, S. S. Y., Chan, K. T., Wong, M. T. H., Chan, S. K. W., Chang, W. C., Lee, E. H. M., Myin-Germeys, I., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2022). Impact of restrictive COVID-19 measures on daily momentary affect in an epidemiological youth sample in Hong Kong: An experience sampling study. Current Psychology, 2022, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03183-y
  • Ye, Z. J., Qiu, H. Z., Li, P. F., Chen, P., Liang, M. Z., Liu, M. L., Yu, Y. L., Wang, S. N., & Quan, X. M. (2017). Validation and application of the Chinese version of the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) among parents of children with cancer diagnosis. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 27, 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2017.01.004

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.