412
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Surviving Oppression under the Rock: The Intersection of New York's Drug, Welfare, and Educational Polices in the Lived Experiences of Low-Income African Americans

, &
Pages 339-361 | Published online: 06 Dec 2012

REFERENCES

  • Anslinger , H. , & Tompkins , W. ( 1953 ). The traffic in narcotics. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co.
  • Belenko , S. ( 2002 ). The challenges of conducting research in drug treatment court settings . Substance Use & Misuse , 37 ( 12 ), 1635 – 1664 .
  • Benoit , E. ( 2000 ). Controlling drugs in the welfare state: U.S. drug policy in comparative and historical perspective. New York: New York University.
  • Benoit , E. , Dunlap , E. , & Johnson , B. D. ( 2008 ). Parental influences on adolescent drug use: Retrospective accounts from the post-crack generation. New York: Unpublished manuscript.
  • Benoit , E. , Randolph , D. , Dunlap , E. , & Johnson , B. ( 2003 ). Code switching and inverse imitation among marijuana-using crack sellers . British Journal of Criminology , 43 , 506 – 252 .
  • Benoit , E. , Young , R. , Magura , S. , & Staines , G. ( 2004 ). The impact of welfare reform on methadone treatment: Policy lessons from service providers in New York City . Substance Use & Misuse , 39 ( 13 ), 2355 – 2390 .
  • Bourgois , P. ( 2000 ). Disciplining addictions: The bio-politics of methadone and heroin in the United States . Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry , 24 , 165 – 195 .
  • Brecher , E. M. ( 1972 ). The consumers union report on licit and illicit drugs . Boston , MA : Little Brown & Co.
  • Burke , V. (1997). New welfare law: Comparison of the new block grant program with aid to families with dependent children. Retrieved from http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/data/1997/meta-crs-491.tkl
  • Caetano , R. ( 2003 ). Alcohol related health disparities and treatment-related epidemiological findings among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics in the United States . Alcoholism: Clinical and experimental research , 27 ( 8 ), 1337 – 1339 .
  • Centers for Disease Control . ( 2007 ). HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2005report/pdf/2005SurveillanceReport.pdf
  • Centers for Disease Control . ( 2008 ). HIV/AIDS among African Americans. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/aa/
  • Collins , P. H. ( 2000 ). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, conciousness, and the politics of empowerment, , 2nd edition. New York : Routledge .
  • Creswell , J. ( 2007 ). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches . London , UK : Sage Publications .
  • Dole , V. P. , & Nyswander , M. ( 1965 ). A medical treatment for diacetylmorphine (heroin) addiction . Journal of the American Medical Association , 193 , 80 – 84 .
  • Dunlap , E. , Benoit , E. , Sifaneck , S. , & Johnson , B. ( 2006 ). Social constructions of dependency by blunts smokers: Ethnographic reports . International Journal of Drug Policy , 17 ( 3 ), 171 – 182 .
  • Dunlap , E. , Golub , A. , & Johnson , B. D. ( 2006 ). The severely-distressed African American family in the crack era: empowerment is not enough . Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare , 33 ( 1 ), 115 – 139 .
  • Dunlap , E. , & Johnson , B. D. ( 1992 ). The setting for the crack era: Macro forces, micro consequences (1960–1992) . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 24 ( 4 ), 307 – 321 .
  • Dunlap , E. , Randolph , D. , & Johnson , B. D. ( 1998 , August 20–22) . Impact of welfare reform of 1996 and child protection policies upon a substance abuser household. Paper presented at the Society for the Study of Social Problems, San Francisco, CA.
  • Dunlap , E. , Tourigny , S. , & Johnson , B. D. ( 2000 ). Dead tired and bone weary: Grandmothers as caregivers in drug affected inner city households . Race & Society , 3 ( 2 ), 143 – 163 .
  • Firestone , D. ( 1996 , January 12) . Giuliani is forming a new city agency on child welfare. Retrieved from http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07E1DC1039F931A25752C0A960958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all
  • Gourlay , J. , Ricciardelli , L. , & Ridge , D. ( 2005 ). Users' experiences of heroin and methadone treatment . Substance Use & Misuse , 40 ( 12 ), 1875 – 1882 .
  • Gutman , H. G. ( 1976 ). The Black family in slavery and freedom: 1750–1925. New York: Random House.
  • Harcourt , B. ( 2001 ). Illusion of order . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Hernandez , P. , Almeida , R. , & Dolan-Del Vecchio , K. ( 2005 ). Critical consciousness, accountability, and empowerment: Key processes for helping families heal . Family Process , 44 ( 1 ), 105 – 119 .
  • Holloway , K. R. , Bennett , T. H. , & Farrington , D. P. ( 2006 ). The effectiveness of drug treatment programs in reducing criminal behavior: A meta-analysis . Psicothema , 18 ( 3 ), 620 – 629 .
  • Hooks , B. (2000). Feminist theory: From margin to center, (2nd ed) . Cambridge , MA : South End Press.
  • Human Rights Watch . ( 2008 ). Targeting Blacks: Drug law enforcement and race in the United States. New York, NY: Author. Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/us0508_1.pdf
  • Kwate , N. O. A. , Valdimarsdottir , H. B. , Guevarra , J. S. , & Bovbjerg , D. H. ( 2003 ). Experiences of racist events are associated with negative health consequences for African American women . Journal of the National Medical Association , 95 ( 6 ), 450 – 460 .
  • Larkin , M. , Wood , R. T. A. , & Griffiths , M. D. ( 2006 ). Towards addiction as relationship . Addiction Research & Theory , 14 ( 3 ), 207 – 2215 .
  • Leary , J. D. ( 2005 ). Post traumatic slave syndrome . Milwaukie , OR : Uptone Press .
  • Leshner , A. I. ( 1999 ). Science-based views of drug addiction and its treatment . JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association , 282 ( 14 ), 1314 – 1316 .
  • Lincoln , Y. , & Guba , E. ( 1986 ). But is it rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation. New Directions for Program Evaluation, 1986 (30, Special issue: Naturalistic evaluation), 73–84.
  • Longshore , D. ( 1999 ). Help seeking by African American drug users: A prospective analysis . Addictive Behaviors , 24 ( 5 ), 683 – 686 .
  • Longshore , D. , Grills , C. , Annon , K. , & Grady , R. ( 1998 ). Promoting recovery from drug abuse: An Africentric intervention . Journal of Black Studies , 28 ( 3 ), 319 – 332 .
  • Love , A. S. ( 2003 ). Mental and physical health of older African-American men living in Harlem . New York , NY : Columbia University Press .
  • Lowman , C. , & Le Fauve , C. E. ( 2003 ). Health disparities and the relationship between race, ethnicity, and substance abuse treatment outcomes . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 27 , 1324 – 1326 . doi: 10.1097/01.ALC.0000080346.62012.DC
  • Moynihan , D. ( 1965 ). Tangle of pathology . In R. Staples (Ed.), The Black family: Essays and studies (pp. 3 – 13 ). Belmont , CA : Wadsworth .
  • Murray , J. B. ( 1998 ). Effectiveness of methadone maintenance for heroin addiction . Psychological Reports , 83 ( 1 ), 295 – 302 .
  • New York City Children's Services . ( 2008 ). Administration of Children's Services. Retrieved from http://www.nyc.gov/html/acs/html/about/mission.shtml
  • New York City Housing Authority . ( 2008 ). About NYCHA. Retrieved from http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/about/about.shtml
  • New York State . ( 2008 ). Office of Children & Family Services. Retrieved from http://www.ocfs.state.ny.us/main/
  • Peele , S. ( 2007 ). Addiction as disease: Policy, epidemiology, and treatment consequences of a bad idea . In J. E. Henningfield , P. B. Santora & W. K. Bickel (Eds.), Addiction treatment: Science and policy for the twenty-first century (pp. 153 – 164 ). Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
  • Pitner , R. O. , & Sakamoto , I. ( 2005 ). The role of critical consciousness in multicultural practice: Examining how its strength becomes its limitation . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 75 ( 4 ), 684 – 694 .
  • Porter , R. , Tamm , I. , Lin , J. , Ford , D. , & Iacopino , V. ( 2004 ). Unjust and counterproductive: New York's Rockefeller Drug Laws. New York: Physicians for Human Rights & The Fortune Society.
  • Rettig , R. A. , & Yarmolinsky , A. (1995). Federal regulation of methadone treatment . Washington , DC : National Academy Press.
  • Riedinger , S. A. , Aron , L. Y. , Loprest , P. J. , & O'Brien , C. T. ( 1999 ). Income support and social services for low-income people in New York . Washington , DC : Urban Institute .
  • Schmidt , L. , Greenfield , T. , & Mulia , N. ( 2006 ). Unequal treatment: Racial and ethnic disparities in alcoholism treatment services . Alcohol Research & Health , 29 ( 1 ), 49 – 54 .
  • Simoens , S. , Ludbrook , A. , Matheson , C. , & Bond , C. ( 2006 ). Pharmaco-economics of community maintenance for opiate dependence: A review of evidence and methodology . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 84 ( 1 ), 28 – 39 .
  • Spunt , B. ( 2003 ). The current New York City heroin scene . Substance Use & Misuse , 38 ( 10 ), 1539 – 1549 .
  • Stake , R. ( 2006 ). Multiple case study analysis . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Taxman , F. , & Messina , N. ( 2002 ). Civil commitment and mandatory treatment . In C. Leukefeld , F. Tims & D. Farabee (Eds.), Clinical and policy responses to drug offenders (pp. 283 – 300 ). Lexington , KY : Center on Drug and Alcohol Research .
  • The New York City Department of Education . ( 2007 ). City wide standards of discipline and intervention measures. Retrieved from http://docs.nycenet.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-101/Disc%20Code%202007.pdf
  • U.S. Department of Health, Education, & Welfare . ( 1968 ). Rehabilitating the narcotics addict: Report. New York: Arno Press.
  • Vaillant , G. ( 1966 ). A twelve year follow up of New York narcotic addicts: The relation of treatment to outcome . American Journal of Psychiatry , 122 , 727 – 737 .
  • Wilson , M. N. ( 1984 ). Mothers' and grandmothers' perception of parental behavior in three generational Black families . Child Development , 55 , 1333 – 1339 .
  • Windsor , L. , & Dunlap , E. ( 2010 ). What is substance use all about? Assumptions in New York's drug policies and the perceptions of drug using low-income African-Americans . Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse , 9 ( 1 ), 64 – 87 .
  • Windsor , L. , & Negi , N. ( 2009 ). Substance abuse and dependence among low income African Americans: Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use & Health to demystify assumptions . Journal of Addictive Diseases , 28 ( 3 ), 258 – 268 .
  • Women in Prison Project . ( 2007 ). Women in prison fact sheet. Retrieved from http://www.correctionalassociation.org/WIPP/publications/Women%20in%20Prison%20Fact%20Sheet%202007.pdf
  • Zedlewski , S. R. , Holcomb , P. A. , & Duke , A.-E. ( 1998 ). Cash assistance in transition: The story of 13 states . Washington , DC : Urban Institute .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.