386
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Normalization of Violence: Experiences of Childhood Abuse by Inner-City Crack Users

, , &
Pages 15-34 | Published online: 05 Mar 2009

REFERENCES

  • Belsky , J. ( 1980 ). Child maltreatment: An ecological integration . American Psychologist , 35 , 320 – 335 .
  • Blumer , H. ( 1969 ). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Brems , C. , Johnson , M. E. , Neal , D. , & Freeman , M. ( 2004 ). Childhood abuse history and substance use among men and women receiving detoxification services . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 30 , 799 – 821 .
  • Bronfenbrenner , U. ( 1979 ) . The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design . Cambridge , MA : Harvard .
  • Carini , P. ( 1975 ) . Observation and description: An alternative methodology for the investigation of human phenomena . Grand Forks : University of North Dakota Press .
  • Charmaz , K. ( 2000 ). Grounded theory: Objectivist and constructivist methods . In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 509 – 536 , 2nd ed. ). Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE Publications .
  • Compton , W. M. , Thomas , Y. F. , Conway , K. P. , & Colliver , J. D. ( 2005 ). Developments in the epidemiology of drug use and drug use disorders . American Journal of Psychiatry , 162 , 1494 – 1502 .
  • Denzin , N. ( 1978 ). The logic of naturalistic inquiry . In N. Denzin (Ed.), Sociological methods: A sourcebook (pp. 6–28). New York : McGraw-Hill .
  • Deykin , E. Y. , & Buka , S. L. ( 1997 ). Prevalence and risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder among chemically dependent adolescents . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 , 752 – 757 .
  • Dong , M. , Anda , R. F. , Felitti , V. J. , Dube , S. R. , Williamson , D. F. , Thompson , T. J. , etal. ( 2004 ). The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect and household dysfunction . Child Abuse and Neglect , 28 , 771 – 784 .
  • Dube , S. R. , Felitti , V. J. , Dong , M. , Chapman , D. P. , Giles , W. H. , & Anda , R. F. (2003). Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: The adverse childhood experiences study. Pediatrics , 111, 564–572.
  • Dube , S. R. , Felitti , V. J. , Dong , M. , Giles , W. H. , &. Anda , R. F. ( 2003 ). The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health problems: Evidence from four birth cohorts dating back to 1900 . Preventive Medicine , 37 , 268 – 277 .
  • Duncan , G. J. , & Brooks-Gunn , J. Eds. ( 1997 ) . Consequences of growing up poor . New York : Russell Sage .
  • Dunlap , E. , & Johnson , B. D. ( 1999 ). Gaining access to hidden populations: Strategies for gaining cooperation of sellers/dealers in ethnographic research . Drugs and Society , 14 ( 1/2 ), 127 – 149 .
  • Dunlap , E. , Golub , A. , & Johnson , B. D. ( 2003 ). Girls' sexual development in the inner city: From compelled childhood sexual contact to sex-for-things exchanges . Journal of Child Sexual Abuse , 12 , 73 – 96 .
  • Dunlap , E. , Golub , A. , & Johnson , B. D. ( 2004 ). Transient male-female relationships and the violence they bring to girls in the inner city . Journal of African American Studies , 7 , 19 – 37 .
  • Dunlap , E. , Golub , A. , & Johnson , B. D. ( 2006 ). The severely-distressed African-American family in the Crack Era : Empowerment is not enough. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare , 33 ( 1 ), 115 – 139 .
  • Dunlap , E. , Golub A., Johnson , B. D. , & Wesley , D. ( 2002 ). Intergenerational transmission of conduct norms for drugs, sexual exploitation and violence: Acase study . British Journal of Criminology , 42 , 1 – 20 .
  • Dunlap , E. , Johnson , B. D. , & Rath , J. W. ( 1996 ). Aggression and violence in households of crack sellers/abusers . Applied Behavioral Science Review , 4 , 191 – 217 .
  • Dunlap , E. , Sturzenhofecker , G. , Sanabria , H. , & Johnson , B. D. ( 2004 ). Mothers and daughters: The intergenerational reproduction of violence and drug use in home and street life . Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse , 3 , 1 – 23 .
  • Furst , R. T. , Johnson , B. D. , Dunlap , E. , & Curtis , R. ( 1999 ). The stigmatized image of the “crack head”: A sociocultural exploration of a barrier to cocaine smoking among a cohort of youth in New York City . Deviant Behavior , 20 , 153 – 181 .
  • Garbarino , J. ( 1977 ). The human ecology of child maltreatment: A conceptual model for research . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 39 , 721 – 735 .
  • Glaser , B. G. , & Strauss , A. ( 1967 ) . The discovery of grounded theory . Chicago : Aldine .
  • Golub , A. , Johnson , B. D. , Dunlap , E. , & Sifaneck , S. ( 2004 ). Projecting and monitoring the life course of the marijuana/blunts generation . Journal of Drug Issues , 34 , 361 – 388 .
  • Horwitz , A. V. , Widom , C. S. , McLaughlin , J. , & White , H. R. ( 2001 ). The impact of childhood abuse on adult mental health: A prospective study . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 42 , 184 – 201 .
  • Johnson , B. D. , Golub , A. , & Dunlap , E. ( 2000 ). The rise and decline of hard drugs, drug markets and violence in New York City . In A. Blumstein & J. Wallman (Eds.), The crime drop in America (pp. 164 – 206 ). New York : Cambridge .
  • Kasarda , J. ( 1992 ). The severely distressed in economically transforming cities . In A. Harrell & G. Peterson (Eds.) Drugs, crime, and social isolation: Barriers to urban opportunity (45–97). Washington , DC : Urban Institute Press .
  • Kendall-Tackett , K. , & Becker-Blease , K. (2004). The importance of retrospective findings in child maltreatment research. Child Abuse and Neglect , 28, 723–727.
  • Kozol , J. ( 1996 ) . Amazing grace: The lives of children and the conscience of a nation . New York : Harper Collins .
  • Lau , A. S. , Huang , M. M. , Garland , A. F. , McCabe , K. M. , Yeh , M. , & Hough , R. L. ( 2006 ). Racial variation in self-labeled child abuse and associated internalizing symptoms among adolescents who are high risk . Child Maltreatment , 11 , 168 – 181 .
  • Lichter , D. T. , Graefe , D. R. , & Brown , J. B. ( 2003 ). Is marriage a panacea? Union formation among economically disadvantaged unwed mothers . Social Problems , 50 , 60 – 86 .
  • Luthar , S. S. , & Cushing , G. ( 1999 ). Neighborhood influences and child development: a prospective study of substance abusers' offspring . Developmental Psychopathology , 11 , 763 – 784 .
  • Medrano , M. A. , Zule , W. A. , Hatch , J. , & Desmond , D. D. ( 1999 ). Prevalence of childhood trauma in a community sample of substance-abusing women . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 25 , 449 – 461 .
  • Plant , M. , Miller , P. , & Plant , M. ( 2004 ). Childhood and adult sexual abuse: Relationships with alcohol and psychoactive drug use . Child Abuse Review , 13 , 200 – 214 .
  • Silva , R. R. , Alpert , M. , Munoz , D. M. , Singh , S. , Matzner , F. , & Dummit , S. ( 2000 ). Stress and vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents . American Journal of Psychiatry , 157 , 1229 – 1235 .
  • Triffleman , E. G. , Marmar , C. R. , Delucchi , K. L. , & Ronfeldt , H. ( 1995 ). Childhood trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in substance abuse inpatients . Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases , 183 , 172 – 176 .
  • Widom , C. S. ( 1999 ). Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 , 1223 – 1229 .
  • Widom , C. S. , Raphael , K. G. , & DuMont , K. A. ( 2004 ). The case for prospective longitudinal studies in child maltreatment research: Commentary on Dube, Williamson, Thompson, Felitti, and Anda (2004) . Child Abuse & Neglect , 28 , 715 – 722 .
  • Widom , C. S. , Weiler , B. L. , & Cottler , L. B. ( 1999 ). Childhood victimization and drug abuse: A comparison of prospective and retrospective findings . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 67 , 867 – 880 .
  • Wilson , W. J. ( 1996 ). When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor . NewYork : Random House .
  • Zielinski , D. S. , & Bradshaw , C. P. ( 2006 ). Ecological influences on the sequelae of child maltreatment: A review of the literature. Child Maltreatment, 11, 49–62 .
  • Supported by grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA09056; R01 DA013690). The points of view in this paper do not represent the official position of the U.S. Government, National Institute on Drug Abuse, or National Development and Research Institutes Inc.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.