What is Substance Use About? Assumptions in New York's Drug Policies and the Perceptions of African Americans Who are Low-Income and Using Drugs

REFERENCES

• Assante , M. K. ( 1987 ). The Afrocentric idea . Philadelphia : Temple University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Benoit , E. , Young , R. , Magura , S. , & Staines , G. ( 2004 ). The impact of welfare reform on methadone treatment: Policy lessons from service providers in New York City . Substance Use & Misuse , 39 , 2355 – 2390 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brolin , M. F. (2007). The influence of legal coercion on substance abuse treatment and criminal behavior outcomes and costs. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Caetano , R. ( 2003 ). Alcohol related health disparities and treatment- related epidemiological findings among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics in the United States . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 27 , 1337 – 1339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control . ( 2007 ). HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report . Retrieved June 13, 2009, from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2005report/pdf/2005SurveillanceReport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dunlap , E. , Golub , A. , & Johnson , B. D. ( 2006 ). The severely-distressed African American family in the crack era: Empowerment is not enough . Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare , 33 , 115 – 139 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunlap , E. , Golub , A. , Johnson , B. D. , & Benoit , E. ( 2009 ). Normalization of violence: Experiences of childhood abuse by inner-city crack users . Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse , 8 , 15 – 34 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunlap , E. , & Johnson , B. D. ( 1992 ). The setting for the crack era: Macro forces, micro consequences (1960–1992) . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 24 , 307 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez , H. ( 1998 ). Heroin . Center City , MN : Hazelden .
   Google Scholar
• Freire , P. ( 2000 ). Pedagogy of the oppressed (M. B. Ramos, Trans.) . New York : The Continuum Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Harcourt , B. ( 2001 ). Illusion of order . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Herer , J. ( 2000 ). The emperor wears no clothes, 13th edition . Van Nuys , CA : Ah Ha Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Herman , S. N. ( 2000 ). Measuring culpability by measuring drugs? Three reasons to reevaluate the Rockefeller Drug Laws. [Article] . Albany Law Review , 63 , 777 .
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch . ( 2008 ). Targeting Blacks: Drug law enforcement and race in the United States . New York : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Klag , S. , O'Callaghan , F. , & Creed , P. ( 2005 ). The use of legal coercion in the treatment of substance abusers: An overview and critical analysis of thirty years of research . Substance Use & Misuse , 40 , 1777 – 1795 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leshner , A. I. ( 2001 ). Addiction is a brain disease . Issues of Science and Technology Online , 17 . Retrieved February 1, 2010, from http://www.issues.org/17.3/leshner.htm
   Google Scholar
• Longshore , D. , Grills , C. , Annon , K. , & Grady , R. ( 1998 ). Promoting recovery from drug abuse: An Africentric intervention . Journal of Black Studies , 28 , 319 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musto , D. ( 1987 ). The American disease: Origins of narcotic control . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse . ( 2000 ). Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research based guide (No. 00-4180) . Bethesda , MD : National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information .
   Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health . ( 2000 ). Addressing health disparities: The NIH program of action. Retrieved March 9, 2008, from http://healthdisparities.nih.gov/whatare.html
   Google Scholar
• Porter , R. , Tamm , I. , Lin , J. , Ford , D. , & Iacopino , V. ( 2004 ). Unjust and counterproductive: New York's Rockefeller Drug Laws . New York : Physicians for Human Rights & The Fortune Society .
   Google Scholar
• Reinarman , C. , & Levine , H. G. (Eds.). (1997). Crack in America: Demon drugs and social justice . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , A. , Jackson , M. S. , & Carlton-LaNey , I. ( 2000 ). Revisiting the need for feminism and afrocentric theory when treating African–American female substance abusers . Journal of Drug Issues , 30 , 901 – 918 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , L. , Greenfield , T. , & Mulia , N. ( 2006 ). Unequal treatment: Racial and athnic disparities in alcoholism treatment services . Alcohol Research & Health , 29 , 49 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stake , R. ( 2006 ). Multiple case study analysis . New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . ( 2005 ). Results from the 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National findings . Retrieved November 15, 2007, from http://oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh/2k5nsduh/2k5Results.htm#7.1
   Google Scholar
• Windsor , L. , & Negi , N. ( 2009 ). Substance abuse and dependence among low income African Americans: Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use & Health to demystify assumptions . Journal of Addictive Diseases , 28 , 258 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Women in Prison Project . ( 2007 ). Women in prison fact sheet . Retrieved October, 19, 2007, from http://www.correctionalassociation.org/WIPP/publications/Women%20in%20Prison%20Fact%20Sheet%202007.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA09056 and R01 DA021827). The points of view in this article do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S. Government, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, or the National Development and Research Institutes.
   Google Scholar