Trauma Experiences and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Women in the United States Military

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Association .
   Google Scholar
• Bastian, L.D., Lancaster, A.R., & Reyst, H.E. (1996). Department of Defense 1995 sexual harassment study. http://www.defenselink.mil/prhome/docs/r96_014.pdf (Accessed: 1 June 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Benda , B.B. and House , H.A. 2003 . Does PTSD differ according to gender among military veterans? . Journal of Family Social Work , 7 ( 1 ) : 15 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Brewin , C.R. , Andrews , B. and Valentine , J.D. 2000 . Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 68 ( 5 ) : 748 – 766 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , R. and Raja , S. 2005 . The sexual assault and secondary victimization of female veterans: Help-seeking experiences with military and civilian social systems . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 29 ( 1 ) : 97 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney , C.P. , Sampson , T.R. , Voelker , M. , Woolson , R. , Thorne , P. and Doebbeling , B.N. 2003 . Women in the Gulf War: Combat experience, exposures and subsequent health care use . Military Medicine , 168 ( 8 ) : 654 – 661 .
   Google Scholar
• Cox, D. (2001). About the Army Nurse Corps. http://history.amedd.army.mil/ANCWebsite/anchhome.html (Accessed: 9 May 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Dobie , D.J. , Kivlahan , D.R. , Maynard , C. , Bush , K.R. , Davis , T.M. and Bradley , K.A. 2004 . Posttraumatic stress disorder in female veterans: Association with self-reported health problems and functional impairment . Archives of Internal Medicine , 164 ( 4 ) : 394 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan , C. and Ender , M. 2008 . The coping paradox: Work, stress, and coping in the U.S. army . Military Psychology , 20 ( 3 ) : 151 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana , A. , Litz , B. and Rosenheck , R. 2000 . Impact of combat and sexual harassment on the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder among men and women peacekeepers in Somalia . The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 188 ( 3 ) : 163 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Friedman , M.J. 2004 . Acknowledging the psychiatric cost of war . The New England Journal of Medicine , 351 ( 1 ) : 15 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, M.J., Schnurr, P.P., & McDonagh-Coyle, A. (1994). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the military veteran. Retrieved June 8, 2007 from http://www. globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2004/Appendix_I.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Goldzweig , C.L. , Balekian , T.M. , Rolon , C. , Yano , E.M. and Shekelle , P.G. 2006 . The state of women veterans' health research . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 21 ( 3 ) : 82 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Grossman , L.S. , Willer , J.K. , Stovall , J.G. , McRae , S.G. , Maxwell , S. and Nelson , R. 1997 . Underdiagnosis of PTSD and substance use disorders in hospitalized female veterans . Psychiatric Services , 48 ( 3 ) : 393 – 395 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankin , C.S. , Spiro , A. I II , Miller , D.R. and Kazis , L. 1999 . Mental disorders and mental health treatment among US Department of Veterans Affairs outpatients: The Veterans Health Study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 ( 12 ) : 1924 – 1930 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himmelfarb , N. , Yaeger , D. and Mintz , J. 2006 . Posttraumatic stress disorder in female veterans with military and civilian sexual trauma . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 19 ( 6 ) : 837 – 846 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge , C.W. , Castro , C.A. , Messer , S.C. , McGurk , D. , Cotting , D.L and Koffman , R.L. 2004 . Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care . The New England Journal of Medicine , 351 ( 1 ) : 13 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holm , J. 1992 . Women in the military: An unfinished revolution , Novato, CA : Presidio Press .
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine . 2008 . Gulf War and health. Physiologic, psychologic, and psychosocial effects of deployment-related stress Volume 6 , Washington, DC : National Academies Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kang , H. , Dalager , N. , Mahan , C. and Ishii , E. 2005 . The role of sexual assault on the risk of PTSD among Gulf War veterans . Annals of Epidemiology , 15 ( 3 ) : 191 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimerling , R.E. , Clum , G.A. and Wolfe , J. 2000 . Relationships among stressor exposure, chronic posttraumatic stress disorder, and self-reported health in women . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 13 ( 1 ) : 115 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, L.A., & King, D.W. (2006). Traumatic stress in female veterans. http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/fact_shts/fs/women/vets.html? printable-template=factsheet (www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/fact_shts/fs_women_vets.html? printable-template=factsheet) (Accessed: 15 July 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• King , D. , King , L. , Foy , D. , Keane , T. and Fairbank , J. 1999 . Posttraumatic stress disorder in a national sample of female and male Vietnam veterans: Risk factors, war-zone stressors, and resilience-recovery variables . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 108 ( 1 ) : 164 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, R.E. (2005). Women veterans: Past, present and future http://www.briem.com/Womenveterans5-10-05.pdf (Accessed: 20 March 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• Kulka , R.A. , Schlenger , W.E. , Fairbank , J.A. , Hough , R.L. , Jordan , B.K. , Marmar , C.R. , Weiss , D.S. and Grady , D.A. 1990 . Trauma and the Vietnam War generation: Report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study , New York : Brunner/Mazel .
   Google Scholar
• Lipari, R.N., & Lancaster, A.R. (2003). Armed Forces 2002 Sexual Harassment Survey. http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Feb2004/d20040227shs1.pdf (Accessed: 1 June 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Manske , J.E. 2006 . Social work in the Department of Veterans Affairs: Lessons learned . Health & Social Work , 31 ( 3 ) : 233 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguen , S. , Suvak , M. and Litz , B.T. 2006 . “ Predictors and prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder among military veterans ” . In Military life: The psychology of serving in peace and combat , Edited by: Britt , T.W. , Adler , A.B. and Castro , C.A. 141 – 170 . Westport, CT : Praeger Security International .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , B. 1998 . Women in the military: Flirting with disaster , Washington, DC : Regnery Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Murdoch , M. , Pryor , J.B. , Polusny , M.A. and Gackstetter , G.D. 2007 . Functioning and psychiatric symptoms among military men and women exposed to sexual stressors . Military Medicine , 172 ( 7 ) : 718 – 725 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for PTSD. (2006). Epidemiological facts about PTSD. Fact Sheet http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/fact_shts/fs_epidemiological.html (Accessed: 2 July 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• National Center for PTSD. (2007). Types of trauma. http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/veterans/trauma/index.html (Accessed: 15 May 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , T.S. 2002 . For love of country: Confronting rape and sexual harassment in the U.S. military , Binghamton, NY : The Haworth Press, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Ozer , E.J. , Best , S.R. , Lipsey , T.L. and Weiss , D.S. 2003 . Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 129 ( 1 ) : 52 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira , A. 2002 . Combat trauma and the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder in female and male veterans . Military Medicine , 167 ( 1 ) : 23 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche , J.D. 2007 . The veteran's PTSD handbook: How to file and collect on claims for post-traumatic stress disorder , 1st , Washington, DC : Potomac Books .
   Google Scholar
• Rona , R.J. , Fear , N.T. , Hull , L. and Wessely , S. 2007 . Women in novel occupational roles: Mental health trends in the UK Armed Forces . International Journal of Epidemiology , 36 ( 2 ) : 319 – 326 .
   Google Scholar
• Sadler , A.G. , Booth , B.M. , Cook , B.L. and Doebbeling , B.N. 2003 . Factors associated with women's risk of rape in the military environment . American Journal of Industrial Medicine , 43 ( 3 ) : 262 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savoca , E. and Rosenheck , R. 2000 . The civilian labor market experiences of Vietnam-era veterans: The influence of psychiatric disorders . The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics , 3 ( 4 ) : 199 – 207 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seal , K.H. , Bertenthal , D. , Miner , C.R. , Sen , S. and Marmar , C. 2007 . Bringing the war back home: Mental health disorders among 103 788 US veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan seen at Department of Veterans Affairs facilities . Archives of Internal Medicine , 167 ( 5 ) : 476 – 482 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shearer , B.F. 2007 . Home front heroes: A biographical dictionary of Americans during wartime , Westport, CT : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sherwood , R.J. , Shimel , H. , Stolz , P. and Sherwood , D. 2004 . Chapter 5 The aging veteran . Journal of Gerontological Social Work , 40 ( 4 ) : 73 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , K.M. , Kressin , N.R. , Frayne , S. , Tripp , T.J. , Hankin , C.S. , Miller , D.R. and Sullivan , L.M. 2000 . The prevalence of military sexual assault among female Veterans' Administration outpatients . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 15 ( 3 ) : 289 – 304 .
   Google Scholar
• Street, A., & Stafford, J. (2004). Military sexual trauma: Issues in caring for veteransIn Iraq War Clinician Guide (2nd ed.) (Chapter IX) http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/manuals/manual-pdf/iwcg/iraq_clinician_guide_v2.pdf (Accessed: 7 March 2010 ).
   Google Scholar
• Stuart , J.A. , Murray , K.M. , Ursano , R.J. and Wright , K.M. 2002 . The Department of Defense's Persian Gulf War Registry year 2000: An examination of veterans' health status . Military Medicine , 167 ( 2 ) : 121 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Suffoletta-Maierle , S. , Grubaugh , A.L. , Magruder , K. , Monnier , J. and Frueh , B.C. 2003 . Trauma-related mental health needs and service utilization among female veterans . Journal of Psychiatric Practice , 9 ( 5 ) : 367 – 375 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Surìs , A. , Lind , L. , Kashner , T.M. , Borman , P.D. and Petty , F. 2004 . Sexual assault in women veterans: An examination of PTSD risk, health care utilization, and cost of care . Psychosomatic Medicine , 66 ( 5 ) : 749 – 756 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2008). Section 10 National security and veterans affairs, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2009 (128th Ed.). http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/09statab/defense.pdf (Accessed: 13 April 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Defense. (2005). DoD releases surveys on the Reserve components and Military Service Academies No. 1322-05. www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=9187 (Accessed: 3 June 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Defense. (2006). Active duty military personnel by Rank/Grade September 30, 2006 (Women only). http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/rg0609f.pdf (Accessed: 10 May 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2001). 2001 National Survey of Veterans (NSV): Final Report. http://www1.va.gov/vetdata/docs/NSV%20Final%20Report.pdf (Accessed: 9 May 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs. (2006). VA programs for women veterans. http://www1.va.gov/wvhp/page.cfm?pg=26 (Accessed: 14 July 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2007). Women veterans statistics. http://www1.va.gov/womenvet/page.cfm?pg=53 (Accessed: 9 May 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Vogt , D.S. , Pless , A.P. , King , L.A. and King , D.W. 2005 . Deployment stressors, gender, and mental health outcomes among Gulf War I veterans . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 18 ( 3 ) : 271 – 284 .
   Google Scholar
• Washington , D.L. , Kleimann , S. , Michelini , A.N. , Kleimann , K.M. and Canning , M. 2007 . Women veterans' perceptions and decision-making about Veterans Affairs health care . Military Medicine , 172 ( 8 ) : 812 – 817 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washington , D.L. , Yano , E.M. , Simon , B. and Sun , S. 2006 . To use or not to use. What influences why women veterans choose VA health care? . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 21 ( S3 ) : S11 – S18 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe , J. 1990 . Abuse and trauma in women: Broadening the social context . American Psychologist , 45 ( 12 ) : 1386
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe , J. , Schnurr , P.P. , Brown , P.J. and Furey , J. 1994 . Posttraumatic stress disorder and war-zone exposure as correlates of perceived health in female Vietnam war veterans . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 ( 6 ) : 1235 – 1240 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe , J. , Erickson , D.J. , Sharkansky , E.J. , King , D.W. and King , L.A. 1999 . Course and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder among Gulf War veterans: A prospective analysis . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 67 ( 4 ) : 520 – 528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatzick , D.F. , Marmar , C.R. , Weiss , D.S. , Browner , W.S. , Metzler , T.J. , Golding , J.M. , Stewart , A. , Schlenger , W.E. and Wells , K.B. 1997 . Posttraumatic stress disorder and functioning and quality of life outcomes in a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 ( 12 ) : 1690 – 1695 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar