Organizational Outcomes Following Traumatic Workplace Incidents: A Practice-Based Exploration of Impact of Incident Severity Level

REFERENCES

• Akabas , S. and Kurzman , P. 1982 . Work, workers and work organizations: A view from social work , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• American Red Cross . August 2000 . Disaster mental health services: Technical update , August , Washington , DC : American Red Cross .
   Google Scholar
• APA . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM-IV-TR (Text revision) , 4th , Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Association .
   Google Scholar
• Attridge , M. and VandePol , B. 2010 . The business case for workplace critical incident response: A literature review and some employer examples . Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health , 25 ( 2 ) : 32 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Auslander , G. , Dobrof , J. and Epstein , I. 2001 . Comparing social work's role in renal dialysis in Israel and the United States: The practice-based research potential of available clinical information . Social Work in Health Care , 33 ( 3/4 ) : 129 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker , R. L. 2003 . The social work dictionary , 5th , Washington , DC : NASW Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barry , T.T. , Kemper , P. and Brannon , S.D. 2008 . Measuring worker turnover in long-term care: Lessons fom the better jobs better care demonstration . Gerontologist , 48 ( 3 ) : 394 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop , S. , McCullough , B. , Thompson , C. and Vasi , N. 2006 . Resiliency in the aftermath of repetitious violence in the workplace . Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health , 21 ( 3/4 ) : 101 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Bolton , E. , Holohan , D.R. , King , L.A. , King , D.W. , Thomas , J.C. and Hersen , M. 2004 . “ Acute and post-traumatic stress disorder ” . In Psychopathology in the workplace: Recognition and adaptation , Edited by: Thomas , J.C. and Hersen , M. 119 – 131 . New York , NY : Brunner-Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Bonanno , G.A. 2004 . Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? . American Psychologist , 59 ( 1 ) : 20 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle , D.K. and Miller , P.A. 2008 . Focus on nursing turnover: A system-centered performance measure . Nursing Management , 39 ( 6 ) : 16 – 20 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown , D. and Schulze , C. 2008 . Network composition report: Employee assistance training providers , Maryland Heights , MO : Magellan Health Services .
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2010). Census of fatal occupational injuries [Electronic Version]. United States Department of Labor, Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshcfoi1.htm (http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshcfoi1.htm)
   Google Scholar
• de Silva , E. 1988 . “ Services to customers: Customer assistance programs ” . In Social work in the workplace: Practice and principles , Edited by: Gould , G. and Smith , M. New York , NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• DeFraia , G. 2010 . Book review: Clinical data mining: Integrating practice and research by Irwin Epstein, Oxford University Press, NY . Perspectives on Social Work , 8 ( 2 ) : 35 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• DeFraia , G. 2011 . Organizational resilience to workplace trauma , Ann Arbor , MI : City University of New York: UMI No. 3443930, ID 11018, ProQuest Information and Learning Company .
   Google Scholar
• Demerouti , E. , Bakker , A.B. , Nachreiner , F. and Schaufeli , W.B. 2001 . The job demands-resources model of burnout . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 : 499 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis , L.R. 1983 . The SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring and procedures manual II , Baltimore , MD : Baltimore Clinical Psychometric Research .
   Google Scholar
• Devilly , G.J. and Hutchings , E. 2004 . Assessment devices , Vol. 2006 , Melbourne , , Australia : Swinburne University, Clinical & Forensic Psychology .
   Google Scholar
• Dollard , M. , Skinner , N. , Tuckey , M. and Bailey , T. 2007 . National surveillance of psychosocial risk factors in the workplace: An international overview . Work & Stress , 21 ( 1 ) : 1 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EAPA . 2009 . Elevating ethical awareness in EAP: A training initiative for EAPA chapters , Arlington , VA : Employee Assistance Professionals Association .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , R. , Shera , W. , Reid , P. and York , R. 2006 . Social work practice and education in the US and Canada . Social Work Education , 25 ( 1 ) February : 28 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Elklit , A. June 6–9, 1993 1993 . What do violent assaults actually do to victims? , June 6–9, 1993 , Bergen , , Norway : Paper presented at the European Conference on Traumatic Stress .
   Google Scholar
• Epstein , I. 2009 . Clinical data mining: Integrating practice and research , New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Epstein , I. and Blumenfield , S. 2001 . Clinical data-mining in practice-based research , New York , NY : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Everly , G.S. and Mitchell , J. 1997 . Critical incident stress management (CISM): A new era and standard of care in crisis intervention , Ellicott City , MD : Chevron .
   Google Scholar
• Everly, G.S., & Mitchell, J. (1998). A primer on critical incident stress management (CISM), The International Critical Incident Stress Foundation [Electronic Version]. Retrieved from http://www.icisf.org/inew_era.htm (http://www.icisf.org/inew_era.htm)
   Google Scholar
• Farrell , G. and Cubit , K. 2005 . Nurses under threat: A comparison of content of 28 aggression management programs . International Journal of Mental Health Nursing , 14 ( 1 ) : 44 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2008). Bank crime statistics, federal insured financial institutions, December 31, 2008. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/publications/bcs/bcs2008/bank_crime_2008q4.htm (http://www.fbi.gov/publications/bcs/bcs2008/bank_crime_2008q4.htm)
   Google Scholar
• FEMA. (2007). Federal Emergency Management Agency, a citizen's guide to disaster assistance [Electronic Version]. Retrieved from http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/Is/is7.asp (http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/Is/is7.asp)
   Google Scholar
• Foa , E. , Riggs , D.S. , Dancu , C.V. and Rothbaum , B.O. 1993 . Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 6 : 459 – 473 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg , D.P. 1971 . The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire , Oxford , , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Googins , B. 1993 . “ Work-site research: Challenges and opportunities for social work ” . In Work and well-being: The occupational social work advantage , Edited by: Kurzman , P. and Akabas , S. Washington , DC : NASW, National Association of Social Workers .
   Google Scholar
• Googins , B. and Godfrey , J. 1987 . Occupational social work , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Graen , G. 1977 . Job resignation as a function of role orientation and leader acceptance: A longitudinal investigation of organizational assimilation . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 19 ( 1 ) & Ginsburgh, S.1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffeth , R.W. , Hom , P.W. and Gaertner , S. 2000 . A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium . Journal of Management , 26 ( 3 ) : 463 – 488 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammerberg , M. 1991 . PENN Inventory for post-traumatic stress disorder; psychometric iproperties . Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 4 : 67 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , A.G. and Bryant , R.A. 1998 . The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective evaluation of motor vehicle accident survivors . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 66 : 507 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heathfield, S. (2010). Keep your best employees: Retention in an improving job market [Electronic Version]. Guide to Human Resources, Retrieved from http://humanresources.about.com/cs/retention/a/turnover_2.htm (http://humanresources.about.com/cs/retention/a/turnover_2.htm)
   Google Scholar
• Heery , E. and Noon , M. 2001 . Dictionary of human resource management , Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hobfoll , S.E. 2001 . The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory . Applied Psychology: An International Review , 50 ( 3 ) : 337 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz , M. , Wilner , M. and Alvarez , W. 1979 . Impact of event scale: A measure of subjective stress . Psychosomatic Medicine , 41 : 209 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutson , C. and Lichtiger , E. 2001 . Mining clinical information in the utilization of social services: Practitioners inform themselves . Social Work in Health Care , 33 ( 3/4 ) : 153 – 161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IFEBS. (2008). Employee assistance programs, Glossary, international foundation of employee benefit plans [Electronic Version]. Retrieved from http://www.ifebp.org/Resources/News/ResearchTools/Glossary/default.htm (http://www.ifebp.org/Resources/News/ResearchTools/Glossary/default.htm)
   Google Scholar
• Janssen , P.P.M. , Jonge , J.D.. and Bakker , A.B. 1999 . Specific determinants of intrinsic work motivation, burnout and turnover intentions: A study among nurses . Journal of Advanced Nursing , 29 ( 6 ) : 1360 – 1369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph , S. and Linley , P. 2006 . Positive therapy: A meta-theory for positive psychological practice , New York , NY : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Joubert , L. and Epstein , I. 2005 . Multi-disciplinary data-mining in allied health practice: Another perspective on Australian research and evaluation . Journal of Social Work Research and Evaluation , 6 ( 2 ) : 139 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Kaniasty , K. and Norris , F. 1993 . A test of the social support deterioration model in the context of natural disaster . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 ( 3 ) : 395 – 408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaniasty , K. and Norris , F. 1995 . Mobilization and deterioration of social support following natural disasters . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 4 ( 3 ) : 94 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurzman , P. 1993 . “ Employee assistance programs ” . In Work and well-being, the occupational social work advantage , Edited by: Kurzman , P. and Akabas , S. Washington , DC : NASW, National Association of Social Workers .
   Google Scholar
• Leslie , C. 2008 . Network composition report: Employee assistance behavioral health providers , Maryland Heights , MO : Magellan Health Services .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , W.F. 2008 . Is your hospital safe? Disruptive behavior and workplace bullying . Hospital Topics , 86 ( 3 ) : 21 – 28 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCullough , R. 2005 . Critical incident severity index scale (CrISIS), internal document , MHS Employee Assistance Program .
   Google Scholar
• McNeill , T. 2006 . Evidenced-based practice in an age of relativism: Towards a model for practice . Social Work , 51 ( 2 ) : 147 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller-Burke , J. , Attridge , M. and Fass , P. M. 1999 . Impact of traumatic events and organizational response: A study of bank robberies . Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 41 ( 2 ) : 73 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moayed , F.A. , Daraiseh , N. , Shell , R. and Salem , S. 2006 . Workplace bullying: A systematic review of risk factors and outcomes . Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science , 7 ( 3 ) : 311 – 327 .
   Google Scholar
• Morris , L. 2005 . The process of decision-making by stressed social workers: To stay or leave the workplace . International Review of Psychiatry , 17 ( 5 ) : 347 – 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NASW. (2008). Choices: Careers in social work, part 1. Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers [Electronic Version]. Retrieved from http://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/choices/choices1.htm#Employment/Occupational%20Social%20Work (http://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/choices/choices1.htm#Employment/Occupational%20Social%20Work)
   Google Scholar
• NBGH. (2008). An employer's guide to employee assistance programs: Recommendations for strategically defining, integrating, and measuring employee assistance programs. Washington, DC: National Business Group on Health [Electronic Version]. Retrieved from http://www.businessgrouphealth.org/pdfs/FINAL%20NBGH%20Guide%20to%20EAPs%204%2030%2008.pdf (http://www.businessgrouphealth.org/pdfs/FINAL%20NBGH%20Guide%20to%20EAPs%204%2030%2008.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Newman , E. , Kaloupek , D.G. and Keane , T.M. 1996 . “ Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in clinical and research settings ” . In Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body and society , Edited by: Van der Kolk , B. , McFarlane , A.C. and Weisaeth , L. 242 – 275 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Newman , R. 2005 . APA's resilience initiative . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 36 ( 3 ) : 227 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noblet , A. , Rodwell , J. and McWilliams , J. 2006 . Organizational change in the public sector: Augmenting the demand control model to predict employee outcomes under new public management . Work & Stress , 20 ( 4 ) : 335 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OSHA. (2007). Workplace violence awareness and prevention, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Health and Safety Administration, Washington, DC [Electronic Version]. Retrieved from http://www.osha.gov/workplace_violence/wrkplaceViolence.PartI.html (http://www.osha.gov/workplace_violence/wrkplaceViolence.PartI.html)
   Google Scholar
• Raiz , L. 2004 . Clinical data-mining in practice-based research: Social work in hospital settings (Book Review) . Journal of Social Work Research & Evaluation , 5 ( 1 ) : 113 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Rick, J., Perryman, S., Young, K., Guppy, A., & Hillage, J. (1998). Workplace trauma and its management: Review of the literature [Electronic Version]. Institute for Employment Studies for the Health and Safety Executive. Retrieved from www.hse.gov.uk/research/crr_pdf/1998/crr98170.pdf (http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/crr_pdf/1998/crr98170.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Sainz , A. and Epstein , I. 2001 . Creating experimental analogs with available clinical information: Credible alternatives to “gold-standard” experiments? . Social Work in Health Care , 33 ( 3/4 ) : 163 – 183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schore , L. and Atkin , J. 1993 . “ Stress in the workplace: A response from union member assistance programs ” . In Work and well-being, the occupational social work advantage (Vol. Right) , Edited by: Kurzman , P. and Akabas , S. Washington , DC : NASW, National Association of Social Workers .
   Google Scholar
• Schouten , R. , Callahan , M. and Bryant , S. 2004 . Community response to disaster: The role of the workplace . Harvard Review of Psychiatry , 12 ( 4 ) : 229 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shyne , A.B. 1960 . “ Use of available material ” . In Social work research , Edited by: Polansky , N.A. 106 – 124 . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Straussner , S. 1990 . Occupational social work today , New York , NY : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tanner , R. 1991 . Social work: The profession of choice for EAPs . Employee Assistance Quarterly , 6 ( 3 ) : 71 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Tehrani , N. , Cox , S. and Cox , T. 2002 . Assessing the impact of stressful incidents in organizations: The development of an extended impact of events scale . Counselling Psychology Quarterly , 15 ( 2 ) : 191 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Trice , H. and Beyer , J. 1982 . “ Job-based alcoholism programs: Motivating problem drinkers to rehabilitation ” . In The encyclopedic handbook of alcoholism Edited by: Pattison , E. and Kaufman , E. 954 – 978 . New York , NY: Gardener Press
   Google Scholar
• Trice , H. and Roman , P. 1972 . Spirits and demons at work: Alcohol and other drugs on the job , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations .
   Google Scholar
• Vigilante , F. 1993 . “ Work: It's use in assessment and interventions with clients in the workplace ” . In Work and well-being: The occupational social work advantage , Edited by: Kurzman , P. and Akabas , S. Washington , DC : NASW, National Association of Social Workers .
   Google Scholar
• Webb, R. (2000). National Association of Social Workers and the American Red Cross: Partners in disaster mental health. NASW. Retrieved from http://www.socialworkers.org/practice/health/redcross.asp (http://www.socialworkers.org/practice/health/redcross.asp)
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , D.S. 1997 . “ Impact of events scale—Revised ” . In Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD , Edited by: Wilson , J.P. and Keane , T.M. 168 – 189 . New York , NY : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wiener , H. , Akabas , S. , Sommer , J. and Kremen , E. 1971 . World of work and social welfare policy New York , NY: Columbia University School of Social Work, Industrial Social Welfare Center
   Google Scholar