References
- Kapoor S, Little JA, Pecker LH. Advances in the treatment of sickle cell disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93(12):1810–24. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.08.001.
- Fingar KR, Owens PL, Reid LD, Mistry KB, Barrett ML. Characteristics of Inpatient Hospital Stays Involving Sickle Cell Disease, 2000–2016. HCUP Statistical Brief #251. September 2019. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb251-Sickle-Cell-Disease-Stays-2016.pdf.
- Mathias MD, McCavit TL. Timing of opioid administration as a quality indicator for pain crisis in sickle cell disease. Pediatrics. 2015;135(3):475–82. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-2874.
- Brandow AM, Brousseau DC, Panepinto JA. Postdischarge pain, functional limitations and impact on caregivers of children with sickle cell disease treated for painful events. Br J Haematol. 2009;144(5):782–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07512.
- Murray N, May A. Painful crises in sickle cell disease-patients’ perspectives. BMJ. 1988;297(6646):452–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.297.6646.452.
- Brandow AM, Carroll CP, Creary S, Edwards-Elliot R, Glassberg J, Hurley RW, Kutlar A, Seisa M, Stinson J, Strouse JJ, et al. American society of hematology 2020 guidelines for sickle cell disease: management of acute and chronic pain. Blood Adv. 2020;4(12):2656–701. doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001851.
- Lee L, Smith-Whitley K, Banks S, Puckrein G. Reducing health disparities in sickle cell disease: a review. Public Health Rep. 2019;134(6):599–607. doi:10.1177/0033354919881438.
- Zempsky WT. Evaluation and treatment of sickle cell pain in the emergency department: paths to a better future. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2010;11(4):265–73. doi:10.1016/j.cpem.2010.09.002.
- Kavanagh PL, Sprinz PG, Wolfgang TL, Killius K, Champigny M, Sobota A, Dorfman D, Barry K, Miner R, Moses JM. Improving the management of vaso-occlusive episodes in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatrics. 2015;136(4):e1016–e1025. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3470.
- Brandow AM, Nimmer M, Simmons T, Charles Casper T, Cook LJ, Chumpitazi CE, Paul Scott J, Panepinto JA, Brousseau DC. Impact of emergency department care on outcomes of acute pain events in children with sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol. 2016;91(12):1175–80. doi:10.1002/ajh.24534.
- Fein DM, Avner JR, Scharbach K, Manwani D, Khine H. Intranasal fentanyl for initial treatment of vaso-occlusive crisis in sickle cell disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2017;64(6):e26332. doi:10.1002/pbc.26332.
- Geller AK, O’Connor MK. The sickle cell crisis: a dilemma in pain relief. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83(3):320–3. doi:10.4065/83.3.320.
- Greene MS, Chambers RA. Pseudoaddiction: fact or fiction? an investigation of the medical literature. Curr Addict Rep. 2015;2(4):310–7. doi:10.1007/s40429-015-0074-7.
- Osunkwo I, O’Connor HF, Saah E. Optimizing the management of chronic pain in sickle cell disease. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2020;2020(1):562–9. doi:10.1182/hematology.2020000143.
- The Joint Commission. Pain Assessment and Management Standards for Hospitals. Oakbrook Terrace (IL): The Joint Commission. 2017. Aug 29 [Accessed 2022 Mar 9]. https://www.jointcommission.org/standards/r3-report/r3-report-issue-11-pain-assessment-and-management-standards-for-hospitals/.