The antioxidant effect of Green Tea Mega EGCG against electromagnetic radiation-induced oxidative stress in the hippocampus and striatum of rats

References

• Abolfathi, A. A., Mohajeri, D., Rezaie, A., Nazeri, M. (2012). Protective effects of green tea extract against hepatic tissue injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Evid. Based Complement Alternat. Med. 740671:1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aebi, H. (1984). Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol. 105:121–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad, S. M., Hassan, N. S. (2008). Health risks of electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone on brain of rats. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 4:1994–2000.
   Google Scholar
• Baydaş, G., Kutlu, S., Nazıroğlu, M., et al. (2003). Inhibitory effects of melatonin on lipid peroxidation induced by intracerebroventricularly administered homocysteine. J. Pineal Res. 34:36–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, K., Savvides, S. N., Keese, M., et al. (1998). Enzyme inactivation through sulfhydryl oxidation by physiologic nitric oxide-carriers. Nat. Struct. Biol. 5:267–271.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beckman, J. S., Koppenol, W. H. (1996). Nitric oxide superoxide and peroxynitrite: The good the bad and the ugly. Am. J. Physiol. 271:C1424–C1437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutler, E., Duron, O., Kelly, B. M. (1963). Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 61:882–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, G. C. (1995). Reversible binding and inhibition of catalase by nitric oxide. Eur. J. Biochem. 232:188–191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cardis, E., Deltour, I., Mann, S., et al. (2008). Distribution of RF energy emitted by mobile phones in anatomical structures of the brain. Phys. Med. Biol. 53:2771–2783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, M. M., Fong, D., Ho, C. T., Huang, H. I. (1997). Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression and enzyme activity by epigallocatechin gallate, a natural product from green tea. Biochem. Pharmacol. 54:1281–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colón, M., Nerín, C. (2012). Role of catechins in the antioxidant capacity of an active film containing green tea, green coffee, and grapefruit extracts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 60:9842–9849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colón, M., Nerin, C. (2014). Molecular interactions between caffeine and catechins in green tea. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62:6777–6783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colón, M., Nerín, C. (2016). Synergistic, antagonistic and additive interactions of green tea polyphenols. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 242:211–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhardt, J. L., Persson, B. R., Brun, A. E., et al. (2008). Blood-brain barrier permeability and nerve cell damage in rat brain 14 and 28 days after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 27:215–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelstyn, N., Oldershaw, A. (2002). The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Neuroreport 13:119–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, B., Fang, Y., Wei, S. M. (2013). Effect and mechanism of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against the hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in human dermal fibroblasts. J. Cosmet. Sci. 64:35–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fragopoulou, A. F., Miltiadous, P., Stamatakis, A., et al. (2010). Whole body exposure with GSM 900 MHz affects spatial memory in mice. Pathophysiology 17:179–187.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frank, J., George, T. W., Lodge, J. K., et al. (2009). Daily consumption of an aqueous green tea extract supplement does not impair liver function or alter cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers in healthy men. J. Nutr. 139:58–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, D. M., Spooner, R. J. (1983). In Bergmeyen, H.V. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. (3rd edn. Vol 3, pp. 258–265). Verlog Chemie, Deerfield beach, Fl.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, Q., Zhao, B., Shen, S., et al. (1999). ESR study on the structure-antioxidant activity relationship of tea catechins and their epimers. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1427:13–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamblin, D.L., Wood, A.W. (2002). Effects of mobile phone emissions on human brain activity and sleep variables. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 78:659–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardell, L., Sage, C. (2008). Biological effects from electromagnetic field exposure and public exposure standards. Biomed. Pharmacother. 62:104–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausladen, A., Stamler, J. S. (1999). Nitrosative stress. Methods Enzymol 300:389–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilhan, A., Gurelb, A., Armutcub, F., et al. (2004). Ginkgo biloba prevents mobile phone-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. Clin. Chim. Acta 340:153–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaszkin, M., Beck, K. F., Eberhardt, W., Pfeilschifter, J. (2004). Unraveling green tea’s mechanisms of action: More than meets the eye. Mol. Pharmacol. 65:15–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerman, M., Senol, N. (2012). Oxidative stress in hippocampus induced by 900 MHz electromagnetic field emitting mobile phone: Protection by melatonin. Biomed. Res. 23:147–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil, A. M., Alshamali, A. M., Gagaa, M. H. (2011). Detection of oxidative stress induced by mobile phone radiation in tissues of mice using 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2’-deoxyguanosine as a biomarker. World Acad. Sci. Engin. Technol. 76:657–662.
   Google Scholar
• Koivisto, M., Krause, C. M., Revonsuo, A., et al. (2000a). The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Neuroreport 11:1641–1643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koivisto, M., Revonsuo, A., Krause, C., et al. (2000b). Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. Neuroreport 11:1–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köylü, H., Mollaoglu, H., Ozguner, F., et al. (2006). Melatonin modulates 900 MHz microwave-induced lipid peroxidation changes in rat brain. Toxicol. Ind. Health 22:211–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyu, A., Naziroglu, M., Ozguner, F., et al. (2005). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester modulates 1800 MHz microwave-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. Electromag. Biol. Med. 24:135–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Y. L., Lin, J. K. (1997). (2)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate blocks the induction of nitric oxide synthase by down-regulating ipopolysaccharide-induced activity of transcription factor nuclear factor-kB. Mol. Pharmacol. 52:465–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meki, A. R., Hamed, E. A., Ezam, K. A. (2009). Effect of green tea extract and vitamin C on oxidant or antioxidant status of rheumatoid arthritis rat model. Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 24:280–287.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meral, I., Mert, H., Mert, N., et al. (2007). Effects of 900-MHz electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phone on brain oxidative stress and some vitamin levels of guinea pigs. Brain Res. 1169:120–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery, H. A. C., Dymock, D. F. (1961). The determination of nitrite in water. Analyst 86:414–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munezawa, T., Kaneita, Y., Osaki, Y., et al. (2011). The association between use of mobile phones after lights out and sleep disturbances among Japanese adolescents: A nationwide cross-sectional survey. Sleep 34:1013–1020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naghma, K., Hasan, M. (2007). Tea polyphenols for health promotion. Life Sci. 81:519–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagle, D. G., Ferreira, D., Zhou Y. D. (2006). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): Chemical and biomedical perspectives. Phytochemistry 67:1849–1855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa, T., Yokozawa, T. (2002). Direct scavenging of nitric oxide and superoxide by green tea. Food Chem. Toxicol. 40:1745–1750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayanan, S. N., Kumar, R. S., Potu, B. K., et al. (2009). Spatial memory performance of Wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 64:231–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishikimi, M., Appaji, N., Yagi, K. (1972). The occurrence of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulfate and molecular oxygen. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 46:849–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nittby, H., Grafström, G., Eberhardt, J. L., et al. (2008). Radiofrequency and extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field effects on the blood–brain barrier. Electromag. Biol. Med. 27:103–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N., Yagi, K. (1979). Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal. Biochem. 95:351–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, S. (2008). Does the use of cell phones cause brain tumors? Clin. J. Oncol. Nurs. 12:671–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osada, K., Takahashi, M., Hoshina, S., Nakamura, M., Nakamura, S., Sugano, M. (2001). Tea catechins inhibit cholesterol oxidation accompanying oxidation of low density lipoprotein in vitro. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 128:153–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozguner, F., Altinbas, A., Ozaydin, M., et al. (2005). Mobile phone-induced myocardial oxidative stress: Protection by a noval antioxidant agent caffeic acid phenethyl ester. Toxicol. Ind. Health 21:223–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozgur, E., Güler, G., Seyhan, N. (2010). Mobile phone radiation-induced free radical damage in the liver is inhibited by the antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine and epigallocatechin-gallate. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 86:935–945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozgur, E., Sahin, D., Tomruk, A., et al. (2014). The effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine and epigallocatechin-3-gallate on liver tissue protein oxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels after the exposure to radio frequency radiation. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 24:1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Paquay, J. B., Haenen, G. R., Stender, G., et al. (2000). Protection against nitric oxide toxicity by tea. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:5768–5772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekal, A., Drozdz, P., Biesaga, M., Pyrzynska, K. (2012). Screening of the antioxidant properties and polyphenol composition of aromatized green tea infusions. J. Sci. Food Agric. 92:2244–2249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poderoso, J. J., Carreras, M. C., Lisdero, C. L., et al. (1996). Nitric oxide inhibits electron transfer and increases superoxide radical production in rat heart mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 328:85–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pompella, A. (1997). Biochemistry and histochemistry of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 67:289–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragy, M. M. (2015). Effect of exposure and withdrawal of 900-MHz- electromagnetic waves on brain, kidney and liver oxidative stress and some biochemical parameters in male rats. Electromagn Biol. Med. 34:279–284.
   Google Scholar
• Ruijters, E. J., Weseler, A. R., Kicken, C., et al. (2013). The flavanol (-)-epicatechin and its metabolites protect against oxidative stress in primary endothelial cells via a direct antioxidant effect. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 715:147–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schönborn, F., Burkhardt, M., Kuster, N. (1998). Differences in energy absorption heads of adults and children in the near of field sources. Health Phys. 74:160–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simko, M. (2007). Cell type specific redox status is responsible for diverse electromagnetic field effect. Curr. Med. Chem. 14:1141–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha, D., Roy, S., Roy, M. (2010). Antioxidant potential of tea reduces arsenite induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 48:1032–1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrzydlewska, E., Ostrowska, J., Farbiszeski, R., Michalak, K. (2002). Protective effect of green tea against lipid peroxidation in the rat liver, blood serum and the brain. Phytomedicine 9:232–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokolovic, D., Djindjic, B., Nikolic, J., et al. (2008). Melatonin reduces oxidative stress induced by chronic exposure of microwave radiation from mobile phones in rat brain. J. Radiat. Res. 49:579–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sriram, N., Kalayarasan, S., Sudhandiran, G. (2008). Enhancement of antioxidant defense system by epigallocatechin-3-gallate during bleomycin induced experimental pulmonary fibrosis. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 31:1306–1311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiholm, C., Lowden, A., Kuster, N., et al. (2009). Mobile phone exposure and spatial memory. Bioelectromagnetics 30:59–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yagi, H., Tan, J., Tuan, R. S. (2013). Polyphenols suppress hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. J. Cell Biochem. 114:1163–1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, C. S. (1999). Tea and health. Nutrition 15:946–949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, B. P. (1994). Cellular defenses against damage from reactive oxygen species. Physiol. Rev. 74:139–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaveri, N. T. (2001). Synthesis of a 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl ester analogue of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): A potential route to the natural product green tea catechin, EGCG. Org. Lett. 3:843–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, J., Lee, H. C. M., Bin Sattar, M. M., et al. (2011). Cardioprotective effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocyte injury. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 652:82–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar