1,917
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Sociocultural Influences and Body Image in 9 to 12-Year-Old Girls: The Role of Appearance Schemas

&
Pages 76-86 | Received 26 Jan 2006, Accepted 13 Jul 2006, Published online: 05 Dec 2007

References

  • Altabe , M. and Thompson , J. K. 1996 . Body image: A cognitive self-schema construct . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 20 : 171 – 193 .
  • Anderson , D. R. , Huston , A. D. , Schmitt , K. L. , Linebarger , D. L. and Wright , J. C. 2001 . Early childhood television viewing and adolescent behavior: The recontact study . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 66
  • Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
  • Bem , S. L. 1981 . Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex-typing . Psychological Review , 88 : 354 – 364 .
  • Berk , L. E. 2000 . Child development , 5th ed , Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
  • Briggs , S. R. and Cheek , J. M. 1986 . The role of factor analysis in the development and evaluation of personality scales . Journal of Personality , 54 : 106 – 148 .
  • Cash , T. F. 1996 . “ The treatment of body-image disturbances ” . In Body image, eating disorders, and obesity: An integrative guide for assessment and treatment , Edited by: Thompson , J. K. 83 – 107 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Cash , T. F. 2002 . “ Cognitive–behavioural perspectives on body image ” . In Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice , Edited by: Cash , T. F. and Pruzinsky , T. 38 – 46 . New York : Guilford .
  • Cash , T. F. 2005 . The influence of sociocultural factors on body image: Searching for constructs . Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , 12 : 438 – 442 .
  • Cash , T. F. and Labarge , A. S. 1996 . Development of the Appearance Schemas Inventory: A new cognitive body-image assessment . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 20 : 37 – 50 .
  • Cash , T. F. , Melnyk , S. E. and Hrabosky , J. I. 2004 . The assessment of body image investment: An extensive revision of the appearance schemas inventory . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 35 : 305 – 316 .
  • Clark , L. S. and Tiggemann , M. 2006 . Appearance culture in 9 to 12-year-old girls: Media and peer influences on body dissatisfaction . Social Development , 15 : 628 – 643 .
  • Cole , T. J. , Bellizzi , M. C. , Flegal , K. M. and Dietz , W. H. 2000 . Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey . British Medical Journal , 320 : 1240 – 1243 .
  • Collins , M. 1991 . Body figure perceptions and preferences among preadolescent children . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 10 : 100 – 108 .
  • Davison , K. K. , Markey , C. N. and Birch , L. L. 2000 . Etiology of body dissatisfaction and weight concerns among 5-year-old girls . Appetite , 35 : 143 – 151 .
  • Dohnt , H. K. and Tiggemann , M. 2005 . Peer influences on body dissatisfaction and dieting awareness in young girls . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 23 : 103 – 116 .
  • Fabian , L. and Thompson , J. K. 1989 . Body image and eating in young females . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 8 : 63 – 74 .
  • Field , A. E. , Cheung , L. , Wolf , A. M. , Herzog , D. B. , Gortmaker , S. L. and Colditz , G. A. 1999 . Exposure to the mass media and weight concerns among girls . Pediatrics , 103 : 36
  • Flammer , A. 1991 . “ Self-regulation ” . In Encyclopedia of adolescence , Edited by: Lerner , R. M. , Peterson , A. C. and Brooks-Gunn , J. Vol. 2 , 1001 – 1003 . New York : Garland .
  • Huon , G. F. , Godden , V. M. and Brown , L. B. 1997 . Reports of dieting among children: Effects of interview style and approach to information collection . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 36 : 33 – 40 .
  • Jones , D. C. , Vigfusdottir , T. H. and Lee , Y. 2004 . Body image and the appearance culture among adolescent girls and boys: An examination of friend conversations, peer criticism, appearance magazines and the internalization of appearance ideals . Journal of Adolescent Research , 19 : 323 – 339 .
  • Keery , H. , Van Den Berg , P. and Thompson , J. K. 2004 . An evaluation of the Tripartite Influence Model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls . Body Image , 1 : 237 – 251 .
  • Labarge , A. S. , Cash , T. F. and Brown , T. A. 1998 . Use of a modified Stroop task to examine appearance–schematic information processing in college women . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 22 : 179 – 190 .
  • Lawrence , C. M. and Thelen , M. H. 1995 . Body image, dieting, and self-concept: Their relation in Afro-American and Caucasian children . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 24 : 41 – 48 .
  • Levine , M. P. , Piran , N. and Stoddard , C. 1999 . “ Mission more probable: Media literacy, activism, and advocacy as primary prevention ” . In Preventing eating disorders: A handbook of interventions and special challenges , Edited by: Piran , N. , Levine , M. P. and Steiner-Adair , C. 3 – 25 . Philadelphia : Brunner/Mazel .
  • Levine , M. P. and Smolak , L. 1996 . “ Media as a context for the development of disordered eating ” . In The developmental psychopathology of eating disorders: Implications for research, prevention, and treatment , Edited by: Smolak , L. , Levine , M. P. and Streigel-Moore , R. 235 – 257 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Litovsky , V. G. and Dusek , J. B. 1985 . Perceptions of child rearing and self-concept development during the early adolescent years . Journal of Youth & Adolescence , 14 : 373 – 388 .
  • Martin , C. L. , Eisenbud , L. and Rose , H. 1995 . Children's gender-based reasoning about toys . Child Development , 66 : 1453 – 1471 .
  • Martin , C. L. and Halverson , C. F. 1981 . A schematic processing model of sex typing and stereotyping in children . Child Development , 52 : 1119 – 1134 .
  • Martin , M. C. and Kennedy , P. F. 1993 . Advertising and social comparison: Consequences for female preadolescents and adolescents . Psychology and Marketing , 10 : 513 – 530 .
  • Mendelson , B. and White , D. 1993 . Manual for the Body Esteem Scale–Children , Montreal, , Canada : Center for Research in Human Development, Concordia University .
  • Mendelson , B. K. , White , D. R. and Mendelson , M. J. 1996 . Self-esteem and body esteem: Effects of gender, age and weight . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 17 : 321 – 346 .
  • Nichter , M. 2000 . Fat talk: What girls and their parents say about dieting , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Nielsen , D. M. and Metha , A. 1994 . Parental behaviour and adolescent self-esteem in clinical and non-clinical samples . Adolescence , 29 : 525 – 542 .
  • Noom , M. J. , Dekovic , M. and Meeus , W. 2001 . Conceptual analysis and measurement of adolescent autonomy . Journal of Youth & Adolescence , 30 : 577 – 595 .
  • O’Dea , J. 2000 . School-based interventions to prevent eating problems: First do no harm . Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention , 8 : 123 – 130 .
  • Oliver , K. K. and Thelen , M. H. 1996 . Children's perceptions of peer influence on eating concerns . Behaviour Therapy , 27 : 25 – 39 .
  • Pelletier , L. G. , Dion , S. and Lévesque , C. 2004 . Can self-determination help protect women against sociocultural influences about body image and reduce their risk of experiencing bulimic symptoms . Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology , 23 : 61 – 88 .
  • Ricciardelli , L. A. and McCabe , M. P. 2001 . Children's body image concerns and eating disturbance: A review of the literature . Clinical Psychology Review , 21 : 325 – 344 .
  • Ricciardelli , L. A. , McCabe , M. P. , Holt , K. E. and Finemore , J. 2003 . A biopsychosocial model for understanding body image and body change strategies among children . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 24 : 475 – 495 .
  • Rolland , K. , Farnhill , D. and Griffiths , R. A. 1997 . Body figure perceptions and eating attitudes among Australian school children aged 8 to 12 years . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 21 : 273 – 278 .
  • Sands , E. R. and Wardle , J. 2003 . Internalization of ideal body shapes in 9–12-year-old girls . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 33 : 193 – 204 .
  • Shisslak , C. M. , Renger , R. , Sharpe , T. , Crago , M. , McKnight , K. M. Gray , N. 1999 . Development and evaluation of the McKnight risk factor survey for assessing potential risk and protective factors of disordered eating in preadolescent and adolescent girls . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 25 : 195 – 214 .
  • Smolak , L. 2002 . “ Body image development in children ” . In Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice , Edited by: Cash , T. F. and Pruzinsky , T. 65 – 73 . New York : Guilford .
  • Smolak , L. 2004 . Body image in children and adolescents: Where do we go from here . Body Image , 1 : 15 – 28 .
  • Smolak , L. and Levine , M. P. 2001 . “ Body image in children ” . In Body image, eating disorders and obesity in youth: Assessment, prevention & treatment , Edited by: Thompson , J. K. and Smolak , L. 41 – 66 . Washington DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Smolak , L. , Levine , M. P. and Schermer , F. 1999 . Parental input in weight concerns among elementary school children . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 25 : 263 – 272 .
  • Sobel , M. E. 1982 . Asymptomatic intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models, Sociological methodology , Edited by: Leinhart , S. 290 – 313 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
  • Steinberg , L. and Silverberg , S. B. 1986 . The vicissitudes of autonomy in early adolescence . Child Development , 57 : 841 – 851 .
  • Thompson , J. K. and Stice , E. 2001 . Thin ideal internalization: Mounting evidence for a new risk factor for body image disturbance and eating pathology . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 10 : 181 – 183 .
  • Tiggemann , M. 1996 . “Thinking” versus “feeling” fat: Correlates of two indices of body image dissatisfaction . Australian Journal of Psychology , 48 : 21 – 25 .
  • Tiggemann , M. 2005 . Television and adolescent body image: The role of program content and viewing motivation . Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology , 24 : 361 – 381 .
  • Tiggemann , M. and Wilson-Barrett , E. 1998 . Children's figure ratings: Relationship to self-esteem and negative stereotyping . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 23 : 83 – 88 .
  • Wal , J. S. and Thelen , M. 2001 . Predictors of body image dissatisfaction in elementary-age school girls . Eating Behaviors , 1 : 1 – 18 .
  • vanStrien , T. , Frijters , J. E. R. , Bergers , G. P. A. and Defares , P. B. 1986 . The Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional and external eating behaviour . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 5 : 295 – 315 .
  • Veron-Guidry , S. and Williamson , D. A. 1996 . Development of a body image assessment procedure for children and preado-lescents . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 20 : 287 – 293 .
  • Wade , T. D. , Davidson , S. and O’Dea , J. A. 2003 . A preliminary controlled evaluation of a school-based media literacy program and self-esteem program for reducing eating disorder risk factors . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 33 : 371 – 383 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.