687
Views
33
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REGULAR ARTICLES

Parenting and Temperament Prior to September 11, 2001, and Parenting Specific to 9/11 as Predictors of Children's Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Following 9/11

, , &
Pages 445-459 | Published online: 29 Jun 2010

REFERENCES

  • Achenbach , T. M. ( 1991 ). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 and 1991 Profile . Burlington : University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry .
  • Aiken , L. S. , & West , S. G. ( 1991 ). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Belsky , J. ( 2005 ). Differential susceptibility to rearing influence: An evolutionary hypothesis and some evidence . In B. Ellis & D. Bjorklund (Eds.), Origins of the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and child development (pp. 139 – 163 ). New York : Guilford .
  • Biesanz , J. C. , & West , S. G. ( 2004 ). Towards understanding assessments of the Big Five: Multitrait-Multimethod analyses of convergent and discriminant validity across measurement occasion and type of observer . Journal of Personality , 72 , 845 – 876 .
  • Capaldi , D. M. , & Rothbart , M. K. ( 1992 ). Development and validation of an early adolescent temperament measure . The Journal of Early Adolescence , 12 , 153 – 173 .
  • Comer , J. S. , Furr , J. M. , Beidas , R. S. , Weiner , C. L. , & Kendall , P. C. ( 2008 ). Children and terrorism-related news: Training parents in coping and media literacy . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 76 , 568 – 578 .
  • Comer , J. S. , & Kendall , P. C. ( 2007 ). Terrorism: The psychological impact on youth . Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , 14 , 179 – 212 .
  • Eisenberg , N. , Zhou , Q. , Spinard , T. L. , Valiente , C. , Fabes , R. A. , & Liew , J. ( 2005 ). Relations among positive parenting, children's effortful control, and externalizing problems: A three-wave longitudinal study . Child Development , 76 , 1055 – 1071 .
  • Fairbrother , G. , Stuber , J. , Galea , S. , Fleischman , A. R. , & Pfefferbaum , B. ( 2003 ). Posttraumatic stress reactions in New York City children after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks . Ambulatory Pediatrics , 3 , 304 – 311 .
  • Federal Emergency Management Agency . ( 2004 ). Helping children cope with disaster . Retrieved August 1, 2008, from http://www.fema.gov/rrr/children.shtm
  • Foa , E. B. , Johnson , K. M. , Feeny , N. C. , & Treadwell , K. R. H. ( 2001 ). The Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS): A preliminary examination of its psychometric properties . Journal of Community Psychology , 30 , 376 – 384 .
  • Gorman-Smith , D. , Henry , D. B. , & Tolan , P. H. ( 2004 ). Exposure to community violence and violence perpetration: The protective effects of family functioning . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 33 , 439 – 449 .
  • Grant , K. E. , Compas , B. E. , Thurm , A. E. , McMahon , S. D. , & Gipson , P. Y. ( 2004 ). Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: measurement issues and prospective effects . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 33 , 412 – 425 .
  • Green , B. L. , Korol , M. , Grace , M. C. , Vary , M. G. , Leonard , A. C. , et al. . ( 1991 ). Children and disaster: Age, gender, and parental effects on PTSD symptoms . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 30 , 945 – 951 .
  • Henry , D. B. , Tolan , P. H. , & Gorman-Smith , D. ( 2004 ). Have there been lasting effects associated with the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks among inner-city parents and children? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 35 , 542 – 547 .
  • Kliewer , W. , Cunningham , J. N. , Diehl , R. , Parrish , K. A. , Walker , J. A. , et al. . ( 2004 ). Violence exposure and adjustment in inner-city youth: Child and caregiver emotion regulation skill caregiver–child relationship quality, and neighborhood cohesion as protective factors . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 33 , 477 – 487 .
  • Korol , M. S. , Green , B. L. , & Gleser , G. C. ( 1999 ). Children's response to a nuclear waste disaster: PTSD symptoms and outcome prediction . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 38 , 368 – 375 .
  • Kraemer , H. C. , Kiernan , M. , Essex , M. , & Kupfer , D. ( 2008 ). How and why criteria defining moderators and mediators differ between the Baron & Kenny and MacArthur approaches . Health Psychology , 27 , S101 – S108 .
  • La Greca , A. M. , & Silverman , W. K. ( 2009 ). Treatment and prevention of posttraumatic stress reactions in children and adolescents exposed to disaster and terrorism: What is the evidence? Child Development Perspectives , 3 , 4 – 10 .
  • La Greca , A. M. , Silverman , W. K. , & Wasserstein , S. B. ( 1998 ). Children's predisaster functioning as a predictor of posttraumatic stress following Hurricane Andrew . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 66 , 883 – 892 .
  • Lengua , L. J. ( 2008 ) Anxiousness, frustration, and effortful control as moderators of the relation between parenting and adjustment problems in middle-childhood . Social Development , 17 , 554 – 577 .
  • Lengua , L. J. , Long , A. C. , Smith , K. A. , & Meltzoff , A. N. ( 2005 ). Pre-attack symptomatology and temperament as predictors of children's response to the September 11th terrorist attacks . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 46 , 631 – 645 .
  • Lengua , L. J. , Wolchik , S. A. , Sandler , I. N. , & West , S. G. ( 2000 ). The additive and interactive effects of temperament and parenting in predicting adjustment problems of children of divorce . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 29 , 232 – 244 .
  • Pfefferbaum , B. , Doughty , D. , Gurwitch , R. , North , C. , Fullerton , C. , & Kyula , J. ( 2003 ). Posttraumatic stress and functional impairment in Kenyan children following the 1998 American Embassy bombing . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 73 , 133 – 140 .
  • Pfefferbaum , B. , Seale , T. W. , McDonald , N. B. , Brandt , E. N. , Rainwater , S. M. , et al. . ( 2000 ). Posttraumatic stress two years after the Oklahoma City bombing in youths geographically distant from the explosion . Psychiatry , 63 , 358 – 370 .
  • Pine , D. S. , Costello , J. , & Masten , A. ( 2005 ). Trauma, proximity, and developmental psychopathology: The effects of war and terrorism on children . Neuropsychopharmacology , 30 , 1781 – 1792 .
  • Rossman , B. B. , Bingham , R. D. , & Emde , R. N. ( 1997 ). Symptomatology and adaptive functioning for children exposed to normative stressors, dog attack, and parental violence . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 , 1089 – 1097 .
  • Rothbart , M. K. , Ahadi , S. A. , Hershey , K. , & Fisher , P. ( 2001 ). Investigations of temperament from 3–7 years: The Children's Behavior Questionnaire . Child Development , 72 , 1394 – 1408 .
  • Salmon , K. , & Bryant , R. A. ( 2002 ). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: The influence of developmental factors . Clinical Psychology Review , 22 , 163 – 188 .
  • Saylor , C. F. , Cowart , B. L. , Lipovsky , J. A. , Jackson , C. , & Finch , A. J. ( 2003 ). Media exposure to September 11: Elementary school students' experiences and posttraumatic symptoms . American Behavioral Scientist , 46 , 1622 – 1642 .
  • Schaefer , E. S. ( 1965 ). Children's reports of parental behavior: An inventory . Child Development , 36 , 413 – 424 .
  • Scheeringa , M. S. , Zeenah , C. H. , Myers , L. , & Putnam , F. (2004). Heart period and variability findings in preschool children with PTS symptoms. Biological Psychiatry , 55, 685–691.
  • Shemesh , E. , Newcorn , J. H. , Rockmore , L. , Shneider , B. L. , Emre , S. , et al. . ( 2005 ). Comparison of parent and child reports of emotional trauma symptoms in pediatric outpatient settings . Pediatrics , 115 , 582 – 589 .
  • Silverman , W. K. , & La Greca , A. M. ( 2002 ). Children experiencing disasters: definitions, reactions, and predictors of outcomes . In A. M. La Greca , W. K. Silverman , E. M. Vernberg , & M. C. Roberts (Eds.), Helping children cope with disasters and terrorism (pp. 11 – 34 ). Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Stuber , J. , Fairbrother , G. , Galea , S. , Pfefferbaum , B. , Wilson-Genderson , M. , & Vlahov , D. ( 2002 ). Determinants of counseling for children in Manhattan after the September 11 attacks . Psychiatric Services , 53 , 815 – 822 .
  • Swenson , C. C. , Saylor , C. F. , Powell , M. P. , Stoke , S. J. , Foster , K. Y. , & Belter , R. W. ( 1996 ). Impact of a natural disaster on preschool children: adjustment 14 months after a hurricane . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 66 , 122 – 130 .
  • Teleki , J. K. , Powell , J. A. , & Dodder , R. A. ( 1982 ). Factor analysis of reports of parental behavior by children living in divorced and married families . Journal of Psychology , 112 , 295 – 302 .
  • Whalen , C. K. , Henker , B. , King , P. S. , Jamner , L. D. , & Levine , L. ( 2004 ). Adolescents react to the events of September 11, 2001: Focused versus ambient impact . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 32 , 1 – 11 .
  • Wolchik , S. , Wilcox , K. , Tein , J. , & Sandler , I. ( 2000 ). Maternal acceptance and consistency of discipline as buffers of divorce stressors on children's psychological adjustment problems . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 28 , 87 – 102 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.