International Comparisons of Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Preschool Children: Parents' Reports From 24 Societies

REFERENCES

• Achenbach , T. M. ( 1992 ). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/2–3 and 1992 Profile . Burlington : University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry .
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach , T. M. , & Rescorla , L. ( 2000 ). Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms & profiles . Burlington : University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families .
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach , T. M. , & Rescorla , L. ( 2007 ). Multicultural understanding of child and adolescent psychopathology: Implications for mental health assessment . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach , T. M. , & Rescorla , L. ( 2010 ). Multicultural supplement to the Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles . Burlington : University of Vermont Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . ( 1994 ). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders () , 4th ed. . Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , S. B. ( 2002 ). Behavior problems in preschool children . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Capron , C. , & Duyme , M. ( 2009 ). [Child Behavior Checklist/1½-5 scores for French preschool children]. Unpublished raw data.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. ( 1988 ). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences () , 2nd ed. . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• De Pauw , S. S.W. , Mervielde , I. , & Van Leeuwen , K. ( 2009 ). How are traits related to problem behavior in preschool children? Similarities and contrasts in temperament and personality . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 39 , 309 – 325 .
   Google Scholar
• Dias , P. , Machado , B. C. , Silva , J. , & Goncalves , M. ( 2009 ). [Child Behavior Checklist/1½-5 scores for Portuguese preschool children]. Unpublished raw data.
   Google Scholar
• Dobrean , A. ( 2009 ). [Child Behavior Checklist/1½-5 scores for Romanian preschool children]. Unpublished raw data.
   Google Scholar
• Döpfner , M. , & Plück , J. ( 2009 ). [Child Behavior Checklist/1½-5 scores for German preschool children]. Unpublished raw data.
   Google Scholar
• Eapen , V. , Yunis , F. , Zoubeidi , T. , & Sabri , S. ( 2004 ). Problem behaviors in 3-year-old children in the United Arab Emirates . Journal of Pediatric Health Care , 18 , 186 – 191 . doi: doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2004.02.005
   Google Scholar
• Earls , F. ( 1982 ). Cultural and national differences in the epidemiology of behavior problems of preschool children . Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry , 6 , 45 – 56 . doi: doi:10.1007/BF49470
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Egger , H. L. , & Angold , A. ( 2006 ). Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: Presentation, nosology, and epidemiology . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 47 , 313 – 337 . doi: doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01618.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger , H. L. , Erkanli , A. , Keeler , G. , Potts , E. , Walter , B. , & Angold , A. ( 2006 ). The test–retest reliability of the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 45 , 538 – 549 . doi: doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000205705.71194.b8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erol , N. , Simsek , Z. , Oner , O. , & Munir , K. ( 2005 ). Behavioral and emotional problems among Turkish children at ages 2 to 3 years . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 , 80 – 87 . doi: doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000145234.18056.82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmaeli , E. M. ( 2009 ). [Child Behavior Checklist/1½-5 scores for Iranian preschool children]. Unpublished raw data.
   Google Scholar
• Ezpeleta , L. , Osa , N. de la , Granero , R. , & Domenech , J. M. ( 2010 ). The Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents for parents of preschool children. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Frigerio , A. , Cozzi , P. , Pastore , V. , Molteni , M. , Borgatti , R. , & Montirosso , R. ( 2006 ). The evaluation of behavioral and emotional problems in a sample of Italian preschool children using the Child Behavior Checklist and the Caregiver-Teacher Report Form . Infanzia e Adolescenza , 5 , 24 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , R. ( 1997 ). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 38 , 581 – 586 . doi: doi:10.1111/1469-7610.ep9709033852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guðmundsson , H. , & Bjarnadóttir , G. (2009). [Child Behavior Checklist/1½-5 scores for Icelandic preschool children]. Unpublished raw data.
   Google Scholar
• Hannesdóttir , H. , & Einarsdóttir , S. ( 1995 ). The Icelandic Child Mental Health Study, an epidemiological study of Icelandic children 2–18 years of age using the Child Behavior Checklist as a screening instrument . European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 4 , 237 – 248 . doi: doi:10.1007/BF01980488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanova , M. Y. , Achenbach , T. M. , Rescorla , L. A. , Harder , V. , Ang , R. P. , et al. . ( 2010 ). Preschool psychopathology reported by parents in 23 societies: Testing the seven-syndrome model of the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5–5 . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 49 , 1215 – 1224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jusiené , R. , Raižiené , S. , Barkauskiené , R. , Bielauskaité , R. , & Dervinyté-Bongarzoni , A. ( 2007 ). The risk factors of emotional and behavioral problems in preschool age . Visuomenes Ssveikata [Public Health] , 4 , 46 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Keenan , K. , Shaw , D. S. , Walsh , B. , Delliquadri , E. , & Giovannelli , J. ( 1997 ). DSM–III–R disorders in preschool children from low-income families . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 , 620 – 627 . doi: doi:10.1097/00004583-199705000-00012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk , R. E. ( 1995 ). Experimental design: Procedures for behavioral sciences () , 3rd ed. . New York : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Kristensen , S. , Henriksen , T. B. , & Bilenberg , N. ( 2010 ). The child behavior checklist for ages 1.5–5 (CBCL/1½–5): Assessment and analysis of parent- and caregiver-reported problems in a population-based sample of Danish preschool children . Nordic Journal of Psychiatry , 64 , 203 – 209 . doi: doi:10.3109/08039480903456595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavigne , J. V. , Binns , H. J. , Christoffel , K. K. , Rosenbaum , D. , Arend , R. , et al. . ( 1993 ). Behavioral and emotional problems among preschool children in pediatric primary care: Prevalence and pediatricians' recognition . Pediatrics , 91 , 649 – 655 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavigne , J. V. , Le Bailly , S. A. , Hopkins , J. , Gouze , K. R. , & Binns , H. J. ( 2009 ). The prevalence of ADHD, ODD, depression and anxiety in a community sample of 4-year-olds . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 38 , 315 – 328 . doi: doi:10.1080/15374410902851382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lecanneler , F. , ( 2009 ) [Child Behavior Checklist/1½-5 scores for Chilean preschool children]. Unpublished raw data.
   Google Scholar
• Liu , J. , McCauley , L. A. , Zhao , Y. , Pinto-Martin , J. , & Jintan Cohort Study Group . ( 2010 ). Cohort profile: The China Jintan Child Cohort Study . International Journal of Epidemiology , 39 , 668 – 674 . doi: doi:10.1093/ije/dyp205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , J. , Cheng , H. , & Leung , P. W.L. ( 2011 ). The application of the preschool Child Behavior Checklist and the Caregiver-Teacher Report Form to Mainland Chinese children: Syndrome structure, gender differences, country effects, and inter-informant agreement . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 39 , 251 – 264 , doi: DOI: 10.1007/s10802-010-9452-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally , J. C. , & Bernstein , I. H. ( 1994 ). Psychometric theory () , 3rd ed. . New York : McGraw- Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Oh , K. J. , & Kim , Y. A. ( 2009 ). Manual of the CBCL/1½-5 . Seoul : Huno Consulting .
   Google Scholar
• Ooi , Y. P. , & Fung , D. S.S. ( 2009 ). [Child Behavior Checklist/1½-5 scores for preschool children in Singapore]. Unpublished raw data
   Google Scholar
• Osa , N. De la , Ezpeleta , L. , & Navarro , J. B. ( 1996 ). Adaptation and norms of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/2–3) for preschoolers: Preliminary results . Ciencia Psicológica , 4 , 19 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Plück , J. , Beiling , M. , Kuschel , A. , Heinrichs , N. , Schmeck , K. , & Döpfner , M. ( 2010 ). Assessment of behavior problems in preschool children using the German version of the CBCL/ 1½-5. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Pomalima , R. , Valverde , J. , Cutipe , Y. , Vargas , H. , Rojas , E. , & Alvarez , M. ( 2009 ). [Epidemiological study of children and adolescents in Lima and Callao]. Unpublished raw data.
   Google Scholar
• Rescorla , L. , Achenbach , T. M. , Ivanova , M. Y. , Dumenci , L. , Almqvist , F. , et al. . ( 2007 ). Behavioral and emotional problems reported by parents of children ages 6 to 16 in 31 societies . Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders , 15 , 130 – 142 . doi: doi:10.1177/10634266070150030101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rescorla , L. , Achenbach , T. M. , Ivanova , M. Y. , Bilenberg , N. , Bjarnadóttir , G. , et al. . ( 2011 ). Multicultural comparisons of behavioral and emotional problems reported by caregivers/teachers of preschoolers in 15 societies. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Shahini , M. , Pranvera , J. , & Ahmeti , A. ( 2009 ). Emotional and behavioral problems in young children 2–5 years in Kosovo. Unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Sourander , A. ( 2001 ). Emotional and behavioral problems in a sample of Finnish three-year-olds . European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 10 , 98 – 104 . doi: doi:10.1007/s007870170032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tick , N. T. , van der Ende , J. , Koot , H. M. , & Verhulst , F. C. ( 2007 ). 14-year changes in emotional and behavioral problems of very young Dutch children . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 46 , 1333 – 1340 . doi: doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181337532
   Google Scholar
• Van den Oord , E. J. C. G. , Koot , H. M. , Boomsma , D. I. , Verhulst , F. C. , & Orlebeke , J. F. ( 1995 ). A twin-singleton comparison of problem behavior in 2–3 year-olds . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 36 , 449 – 458 . doi: doi:10.1111/1469-7610.ep11520774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Leeuwen , K. , Bourgonjon , L. , Huijsman , L. , Van Meenen , M. , & De Pauw , S. ( 2009 ). Temper tantrums in young children: Relations with child temperament, child problem behavior and parenting. Poster presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Denver, CO.
   Google Scholar
• Wakschlag , L. S. , Briggs-Gowan , M. J. , Carter , A. S. , Hill , C. , Danis , B. , et al. . ( 2007 ). A developmental framework for distinguishing disruptive behavior from normative misbehavior in preschool children . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 48 , 976 – 987 . doi: doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01786.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , Y. T. , Hsieh , W. S. , Chen , P. C. , Chen , W. J. , Liao , H. F. , Su , Y. N. , & Jeng , S. F. ( 2009 ). Behavioral and emotional problems in 2- to 3-year-old Taiwanese children . Poster presented at International ASEBA Conference on Empirically Based Mental Health Knowledge , Burlington , VT .
   Google Scholar
• Yurdusen , S. ( 2004 ). The effects of mothers’ parental attitudes on their preschool children's internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Zubrick , S. R. , Taylor , C. L. , Rice , M. L. , & Sleggers , D. W. ( 2007 ). Late language emergence at 24 months: An epidemiological study of prevalence, predictors, and covariates . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , 50 , 1562 – 1592 , doi: doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2007/106).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar