Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Preschool Children

REFERENCES

• Achenbach , T. M. , & Rescorla , L. A. ( 2000 ). Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms & profiles . Burlington : University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . ( 2000 ). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders () , 4th ed. . text rev . Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . ( 2010 ). Proposed draft revisions to DSM disorders and criteria . Retrieved September, 20, 2010, from http://www.dsm5.org/Pages/Default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Bedard-Gilligan , M. , & Zoellner , L. A. ( 2008 ). The utility of the A1 and A2 criteria in the diagnosis of PTSD . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 46 , 1062 – 1069 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrion , V. G. , Weems , C. F. , Ray , R. , & Reiss , A. L. ( 2002 ). Toward an empirical definition of pediatric PTSD: The phenomenology of PTSD symptoms in youth . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 41 , 166 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger , H. L. , Erkanli , A. , Keeler , G. , Potts , E. , Walter , B. K. , & Angold , A. ( 2006 ). Test–retest reliability of the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA) . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 45 , 538 – 549 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felitti , V. J. , Anda , R. F. , Nordenberg , D. , Williamson , D. F. , Spitz , A. M. , et al. . ( 1998 ). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 14 , 245 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , J. G. , McLaughlin , K. A. , Berglund , P. A. , Gruber , M. J. , Sampson , N. A. , et al. . ( 2010 ). Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication I: Associations with first onset of DSM–IV disorders . Archives of General Psychiatry , 67 , 113 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartford , C. E. ( 1996 ). Care of out-patient burns . In D. N. Herndon (Ed.), Total burn care (pp. 71 – 80 ). London : Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Iselin , G. , Le Brocque , R. , Kenardy , J. , Anderson , V. , & McKinlay , L. ( 2010 ). Which method of posttraumatic stress disorder classification best predicts psychosocial function in children with traumatic brain injury? Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 24 , 774 – 779 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landolt , M. A. , Buehlmann , C. , Maag , T. , & Schiestl , C. ( 2009 ). Brief report: Quality of life is impaired in pediatric burn survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 34 ( 1 ), 14 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meiser-Stedman , R. , Smith , P. , Glucksman , E. , Yule , W. , & Dalgleish , T. ( 2008 ). The posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis in preschool- and elementary school-age children exposed to motor vehicle accidents . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 165 , 1326 – 1337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmu , R. , Suominen , K. , Vuola , J. , & Isometsa , E. (in press) . Mental disorders after burn injury: A prospective study , Burns . doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2010.06.007
   Google Scholar
• Postert , C. , Averbeck-Holocher , M. , Beyer , T. , Muller , J. , & Furniss , T. (2009). Five systems of psychiatric classification for preschool children: Do differences in validity, usefulness and reliability make for competitive or complimentary constellations? Child Psychiatry and Human Development , 40(1), 25–41.
   Google Scholar
• Pynoos , R. S. , Steinberg , A. M. , Layne , C. M. , Briggs , E. C. , Ostrowski , S. A. , & Fairbank , J. A. ( 2009 ). DSM–V PTSD diagnostic criteria for children and adolescents: A developmental perspective and recommendations . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 22 , 391 – 398 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxe , G. , Stoddard , F. , Chawla , N. , Lopez , C. G. , Hall , E. , et al. . ( 2005 ). Risk factors for acute stress disorder in children with burns . Journal of Trauma & Dissociation , 6 ( 2 ), 37 – 49 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheeringa , M. S. , & Haslett , N. ( 2010 ). The reliability and criterion validity of the Diagnostic Infant and Preschool Assessment: A new diagnostic instrument for young children . Child Psychiatry and Human Development , 41 , 299 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheeringa , M. S. , Peebles , C. D. , Cook , C. A. , & Zeanah , C. H. ( 2001 ). Toward establishing procedural, criterion, and discriminant validity for PTSD in early childhood . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 40 ( 1 ), 52 – 60 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheeringa , M. S. , Wright , M. J. , Hunt , J. P. , & Zeanah , C. H. ( 2006 ). Factors affecting the diagnosis and prediction of PTSD symptomatology in children and adolescents . American Journal of Psychiatry , 163 , 644 – 651 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheeringa , M. S. , & Zeanah , C. H. ( 2008 ). Reconsideration of harm's way: Onsets and comorbidity patterns of disorders in preschool children and their caregivers following Hurricane Katrina . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 37 , 508 – 518 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheeringa , M. S. , Zeanah , C. H. , & Cohen , J. A. ( 2010 ). PTSD in children and adolescents: toward an empirically based algorithm . Depression and Anxiety . Advance online publication . doi: doi: 10.1002/da.20736
   Google Scholar
• Scheeringa , M. S. , Zeanah , C. H. , Drell , M. J. , & Larrieu , J. A. ( 1995 ). Two approaches to the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in infancy and early childhood . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 34 , 191 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheeringa , M. S. , Zeanah , C. H. , Myers , L. , & Putnam , F. W. ( 2003 ). New findings on alternative criteria for PTSD in preschool children . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 42 , 561 – 570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheeringa , M. S. , Zeanah , C. H. , Myers , L. , & Putnam , F. W. ( 2005 ). Predictive validity in a prospective follow-up of PTSD in preschool children . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 , 899 – 906 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoddard , F. J. , Saxe , G. , Ronfeldt , H. , Drake , J. E. , Burns , J. , et al. . ( 2006 ). Acute stress symptoms in young children with burns . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 45 ( 1 ), 87 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , L. K. , & Weems , C. F. ( 2009 ). What do youth report as a traumatic event? Toward a developmentally informed classification of traumatic stressors . Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy , 1 , 91 – 106 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar