Examining Relationships Between Executive Functioning and Delay Aversion in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

REFERENCES

• Aase , H. , & Sagvolden , T. ( 2006 ). Infrequent, but not frequent, reinforcers produce more variable responding and deficient sustained attention in young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 47 , 457 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . ( 2000 ). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (, text rev.) , 4th ed. . Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Anastopoulos , A. D. , Guevremont , D. C. , Shelton , T. L. , & DuPaul , G. J. ( 1992 ). Parenting stress among families of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 20 , 503 – 520 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , V. A. , Anderson , P. , Northam , E. , Jacobs , R. , & Catroppa , C. ( 2001 ). Development of executive functions through late childhood and adolescence in an Australian sample . Developmental Neuropsychology , 20 ( 1 ), 385 – 406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. , & Logie , R. ( 1999 ). Working memory: The multi-component model . In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control (pp. 28 – 61 ). Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baeyens , D. , Roeyers , H. , & Walle , J. V. ( 2006 ). Subtypes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Distinct or related disorders across measurement levels? Child Psychiatry and Human Development , 36 , 403 – 417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley , R. A. ( 1997 ). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD . Psychological Bulletin , 121 ( 1 ), 65 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidwell , L. C. , Willcutt , E. G. , DeFries , J. C. , & Pennington , B. F. ( 2007 ). Testing for neuropsychological endophenotypes in siblings discordant for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Biological Psychiatry , 62 , 991 – 998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman , J. , Monuteaux , M. C. , Doyle , A. E. , Seidman , L. J. , Wilens , T. E. , et al. . ( 2004 ). Impact of executive function deficits and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on academic outcomes in children . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 72 , 757 – 766 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitsakou , P. , Psychogiou , L. , Thompson , M. , & Sonuga-Barke , E. ( 2009 ). Delay aversion in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An empirical investigation of the broader phenotype . Neuropsychologia , 47 , 446 – 456 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt , S. A. , Krueger , R. F. , McGue , M. , & Iacono , W. G. ( 2001 ). Sources of covariation among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder: The importance of shared environment . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 110 , 516 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos , F. X. , Sonuga-Barke , E. , Milham , M. P. , & Tannock , R. ( 2006 ). Characterizing cognition in ADHD: Beyond executive dysfunction . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 10 , 117 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhabildas , N. , Pennington , B. F. , & Willcutt , E. G. (2001). A comparison of the neuropsychological profiles of the DSV–IV subtypes of ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 29, 529–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. ( 1988 ). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Conners , C. K. ( 2003 ). Conners' Rating Scales: Revised technical manual . New York : Multi-Health Systems .
   Google Scholar
• Diamond , A. ( 2005 ). Attention-deficit disorder (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder without hyperactivity): A neurobiologically and behaviorally distinct disorder from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (with hyperactivity) . Development and Psychopathology , 17 , 807 – 825 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle , A. E. , Faraone , S. V. , Seidman , L. J. , Willcutt , E. G. , Nigg , J. T. , et al. . ( 2005 ). Are endophenotypes based on measures of executive functions useful for molecular genetic studies of ADHD? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 46 (7), 778 – 803 .
   Google Scholar
• Dumas , M. C. ( 1998 ). The risk of social interaction problems among adolescents with ADHD . Education & Treatment of Children , 21 , 447 – 460 .
   Google Scholar
• DuPaul , G. , Power , T. , Anastopoulos , A. , & Reid , R. ( 1998 ). ADHD Rating Scale–IV: Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Erdfelder , E. , Faul , F. , & Buchner , A. ( 1996 ). GPOWER: A general power analysis program . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers , 28 ( 1 ), 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Erhardt , D. , & Hinshaw , S. P. ( 1994 ). Initial sociometric impressions of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and comparison boys: Predictions from social behaviors and from nonbehavioral variables . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 , 833 – 842 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frick , P. J. , Lahey , B. B. , Applegate , B. , Kerdyck , L. , Ollendick , T. , et al. ( 1994 ). DSM–IV field trials for the disruptive behavior disorders: Symptom utility estimates . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 33 , 529 – 539 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garber , J. ( 1984 ). Classification of childhood psychopathology: A developmental perspective . Child Development , 55 ( 1 ), 30 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Gathje , R. A. , Lewandowski , L. J. , & Gordon , M. ( 2008 ). The role of impairment in the diagnosis of ADHD . Journal of Attention Disorders , 11 , 529 – 537 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geurts , H. , Verté , S. , Oosterlaan , J. , Roeyers , H. , & Sergeant , J. A. ( 2005 ). ADHD subtypes: Do they differ in their executive functioning profile? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 20 , 457 – 477 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillberg , C. , Gillberg , I. C. , Rasmussen , P. , Kadesjö , B. R. , Söderström , H. , et al. . ( 2004 ). Co-existing disorders in ADHD—Implications for diagnosis and intervention . European Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 13 , 80 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez , R. , Harvey , J. , Quick , C. , Scharer , I. , & Harris , G. ( 1999 ). DSM–IV AD/HD: Confirmatory factor models, prevalence, and gender and age differences based on parent and teacher ratings of Australian primary school children . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 40 , 265 – 274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene , R. W. , Beszterczey , S. K. , Katzenstein , T. , Park , K. , & Goring , J. ( 2002 ). Are students with ADHD more stressful to teach? Patterns of teacher stress in an elementary school sample . Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders , 10 , 79 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmbeck , G. N. ( 1997 ). Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: Examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 65 , 599 – 610 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang-Pollock , C. L. , Mikami , A. Y. , Pfiffner , L. , & McBurnett , K. ( 2007 ). ADHD subtype differences in motivational responsivity but not inhibitory control: Evidence from a reward-based variation of the stop signal paradigm . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 36 , 127 – 136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang-Pollock , C. L. , & Nigg , J. T. ( 2003 ). Searching for the attention deficit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The case of visuospatial orienting . Clinical Psychology Review , 23 , 801 – 830 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger , R. F. , Caspi , A. , Moffitt , T. E. , & Silva , P. A. ( 1998 ). The structure and stability of common mental disorders (DSM–III–R): A longitudinal-epidemiological study . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 107 , 216 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuntsi , J. , Oosterlaan , J. , & Stevenson , J. ( 2001 ). Psychological mechanisms in hyperactivity: I Response inhibition deficit, working memory impairment, delay aversion, or something else? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 42 , 199 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambek , R. , Tannock , R. , Dalsgaard , S. , Trillingsgaard , A. , Damm , D. , & Thomsen , P. H. ( 2010 ). Validating neuropsychological subtypes of ADHD: How do children with and without an executive function deficit differ? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 51 , 895 – 904 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauth , G. W. , Heubeck , B. G. , & Mackowiak , K. ( 2006 ). Observation of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) problems in three natural classroom contexts . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 76 , 385 – 404 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lijffijt , M. , Kenemans , J. L. , Verbaten , M. N. , & van Engeland , H. ( 2005 ). A meta-analytic review of stopping performance in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Deficient inhibitory motor control? Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 114 , 216 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan , G. D. ( 1994 ). On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A users' guide to the stop signal paradigm . In D. Dagenbach & T. Carr (Eds.), Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language (pp. 189 – 239 ). San Diego , CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Logie , R. H. , Della Sala , S. , Laiacona , M. , Chalmers , P. , & Wynn , V. ( 1996 ). Group aggregates and individual reliability: The case of verbal short-term memory . Memory & Cognition , 24 , 305 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luman , M. , Oosterlaan , J. , & Sergeant , J. A. ( 2005 ). The impact of reinforcement contingencies on AD/HD: A review and theoretical appraisal . Clinical Psychology Review , 25 , 183 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marco , R. , Miranda , A. , Melia , A. , Muller , U. , Butler , L. , et al. . ( 2009 ). Delay and reward choice in ADHD: An experimental test of the role of delay aversion . Neuropsychology , 23 , 367 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinussen , R. , Hayden , J. , Hogg-Johnson , S. , & Tannock , R. ( 2005 ). A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 , 377 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milich , R. , Balentine , A. C. , & Lynam , D. R. ( 2001 ). ADHD combined type and ADHD predominantly inattentive type are distinct and unrelated disorders . Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , 8 , 463 – 488 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake , A. , Friedman , N. P. , Emerson , M. J. , Witzki , A. H. , & Howerter , A. ( 2000 ). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis . Cognitive Psychology , 41 ( 1 ), 49 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg , J. , Willcutt , E. G. , Doyle , A. E. , & Sonuga-Barke , E. J. S. ( 2005 ). Causal heterogeneity in Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder: Do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? Biological Psychiatry , 57 , 1224 – 1230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennington , B. F. , & Ozonoff , S. ( 1996 ). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 37 ( 1 ), 51 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds , C. , & Kamphaus , R. ( 2004 ). Behavioral assessment system for children: Manual () , 2nd ed. . Circle Pines , MN : American Guidance Service .
   Google Scholar
• Sagvolden , T. , Aase , H. , Johansen , E. B. , & Russell , V. A. ( 2005 ). A dynamic developmental theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 28 , 397 – 468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagvolden , T. , Aase , H. , Zeiner , P. I. , & Berger , D. ( 1998 ). Altered reinforcement mechanisms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Behavioural Brain Research , 94 ( 1 ), 61 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagvolden , T. , & Sergeant , J. A. (1998). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: From brain dysfunctions to behaviour. Behavioural Brain Research , 94(1), 1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattler , J. M. ( 2008 ). Assessment of children: Cognitive foundations () , 5th ed. . San Diego , CA : JM Sattler .
   Google Scholar
• Schachar , R. , Taylor , E. , Wieselberg , M. , Thorley , G. , & Rutter , M. ( 1987 ). Changes in family function and relationships in children who respond to methylphenidate . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 26 , 728 – 732 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheres , A. D. , Dijkstra , M. , Ainslie , E. , Balkan , J. , Reynolds , B. , et al. . ( 2006 ). Temporal and probabilistic discounting of rewards in children and adolescents: Effects of age and ADHD symptoms . Neuropsychologia , 44 , 2092 – 2103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheres , A. , Dijkstra , M. , Ainslie , E. , Balkan , J. , Reynolds , B. , et al. . ( 2006 ). Temporal and probabilistic discounting of rewards in children and adolescents: Effects of age and ADHD symptoms . Neuropsychologia. Special Issue: Advances in developmental cognitive neuroscience , 44 (11), 2092 – 2103 .
   Google Scholar
• Sergeant , J. , Geurts , H. , Huijbregts , S. , Scheres , A. , & Oosterlaan , J. ( 2003 ). The top and the bottom of ADHD: A neuropsychological perspective . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 27 , 583 – 592 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer , D. , Fisher , P. , Lucas , C. , Dulcan , M. , & Schwab-Stone , M. ( 2000 ). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC–IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 39 ( 1 ), 28 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheslow , D. , & Adams , W. ( 2003 ). Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning—Second edition: Administration and technical manual () , 2nd ed. . Wilmington , DE : Wide Range .
   Google Scholar
• Solanto , M. V. , Abikoff , H. , Sonuga-Barke , E. , Schachar , R. , Logan , G. D. , et al. . ( 2001 ). The ecological validity of delay aversion and response inhibition as measures of impulsivity in AD/HD: A supplement to the NIMH Multimodal Treatment Study of AD/HD . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 29 , 215 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solanto , M. V. , Gilbert , S. , Raj , A. , Zhu , J. , Pope-Boyd , S. B. , et al. . ( 2007 ). Neurocognitive functioning in AD/HD, predominantly inattentive and combined subtypes . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 35 , 729 – 744 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke , E. ( 2002 ). Psychological heterogeneity in AD/HD—A dual pathway model of behaviour and cognition . Behavioural Brain Research , 130 ( 1–2 ), 29 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke , E. ( 2003 ). The dual pathway model of AD/HD: An elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics . Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. Special Issue: Mesocorticolimbic Branches and ADHD Variants , 27 , 593 – 604 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke , E. ( 2005 ). Causal models of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: From Common simple deficits to multiple developmental pathways . Biological Psychiatry , 57 , 1231 – 1238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke , E. , Auerbach , J. , Campbell , S. B. , Daley , D. , & Thompson , M. ( 2005 ). Varieties of preschool hyperactivity: Multiple pathways from risk to disorder . Developmental Science , 8 , 141 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke , E. , Bitsakou , P. , & Thompson , M. ( 2010 ). Beyond the dual pathway model: Evidence for the dissociation of timing, inhibitory, and delay-related impairments in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 49 , 345 – 355 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke , E. , Sergeant , J. , Nigg , J. , & Willcut , E. ( 2008 ). Executive dysfunction and delay aversion in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Nosologic and diagnostic implications . Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 17 , 367 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke , E. , Taylor , E. , Sembi , S. , & Smith , J. ( 1992 ). Hyperactivity and delay aversion: I. The effect of delay on choice . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 33 , 387 – 398 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sroufe , A. , & Rutter , M. ( 1984 ). The domain of developmental psychopathology . Child Development , 55 ( 1 ), 17 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorell , L. ( 2007 ). Do delay aversion and executive function deficits make distinct contributions to the functional impact of ADHD symptoms? A study of early academic skill deficits . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 48 , 1061 – 1070 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsujimoto , S. , Kuwajima , M. , & Sawaguchi , T. ( 2007 ). Developmental fractionation of working memory and response inhibition during childhood . Experimental Psychology , 54 ( 1 ), 30 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Bergh , F. , Spronk , M. , Ferreira , L. , Bloemarts , E. , Groenink , L. , et al. . ( 2006 ). Relationship of delay aversion and response inhibition to extinction learning, aggression, and sexual behaviour . Behavioural Brain Research , 175 ( 1 ), 75 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Wahlstedt , C. ( 2009 ). Neuropsychological deficits in relation to symptoms of ADHD: Independent contributions and interactions . Child Neuropsychology , 15 , 262 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wåhlstedt , C. , Thorell , L. B. , & Bohlin , G. ( 2009 ). Heterogeneity in ADHD: Neuropsychological pathways, comorbidity and symptom domains . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 37 , 551 – 564 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldman , I. , Nigg , J. , Gizer , I. , Park , L. , Rappley , M. , & Friderici , K. ( 2006 ). The adrenergic receptor α-2A gene (ADRA2A) and neuropsychological executive functions as putative endophenotypes for childhood ADHD . Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience , 6 ( 1 ), 18 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. ( 2003 ). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth edition: Technical and interpretive manual . San Antonio , TX : Harcourt Brace .
   Google Scholar
• Willcutt , E. G. , Doyle , A. E. , Nigg , J. T. , Faraone , S. V. , & Pennington , B. F. ( 2005 ). Validity of the executive function theory of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A meta-analytic review . Biological Psychiatry , 57 , 1336 – 1346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , B. R. , Ponesse , J. S. , Schachar , R. J. , Logan , G. D. , & Tannock , R. ( 1999 ). Development of inhibitory control across the life span . Developmental Psychology , 35 ( 1 ), 205 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar