Transactional Associations Among Maternal Depression, Parent–Child Coercion, and Child Conduct Problems During Early Childhood

REFERENCES

• Achenbach, T., & Rescorla, L. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA preschool scales and profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
   Google Scholar
• Adachi, P., & Willoughby, T. (2015). Interpreting effect sizes when controlling for stability effects in longitudinal autoregressive models: Implications for psychological science. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12(1), 116–128. doi:10.1080/17405629.2014.963549
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguilar, B., Sroufe, L., Egeland, B., & Carlson, E. (2000). Distinguishing the early-onset/persistent and adolescence-onset antisocial behavior types: From birth to 16 years. Development and Psychopathology, 12(2), 109–132. doi:10.1017/S0954579400002017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammerman, R. T., Putnam, F. W., Stevens, J., Bosse, N. R., Short, J. A., Bodley, A. L., & Van Ginkel, J. B. (2011). An open trial of in-home CBT for depressed mothers in home visitation. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 15(8), 1333–1341. doi:10.1007/s10995-010-0691-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagner, D. M., & Eyberg, S. M. (2003). Father involvement in parent training: When does it matter? Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 599–605. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3204_13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagner, D. M., Pettit, J. W., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (2010). Effect of maternal depression on child behavior: A sensitive period? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 699–707. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, R. Q. (1968). A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization. Psychological Review, 75(2), 81–95. doi:10.1037/h0025583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, W. M., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, J. D., Pardini, D. A., & Loeber, R. (2008). Reciprocal relationships between parenting behavior and disruptive psychopathology from childhood through adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(5), 679–692. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9219-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt, K. B., Van Dulmen, M. H., Carlivati, J., Egeland, B., Alan Sroufe, L., Forman, D. R., … Carlson, E. A. (2005). Mediating links between maternal depression and offspring psychopathology: The importance of independent data. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 490–499. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00367.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, S. B., Brownell, C. A., Hungerford, A., Spieker, S. I., Mohan, R., & Blessing, J. S. (2004). The course of maternal depressive symptoms and maternal sensitivity as predictors of attachment security at 36 months. Development and Psychopathology, 16(2), 231–252. doi:10.1017/S0954579404044499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, S. B., Shaw, D. S., & Gilliom, M. (2000). Early externalizing behavior problems: Toddlers and preschoolers at risk for later maladjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 12(3), 467–488. doi:10.1017/S0954579400003114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caron, A., Weiss, B., Harris, V., & Catron, T. (2006). Parenting behavior dimensions and child psychopathology: Specificity, task dependency, and interactive relations. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(1), 34–45. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3501_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choe, D. E., Shaw, D. S., Brennan, L. M., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2014). Inhibitory control as a mediator of bidirectional effects between early oppositional behavior and maternal depression. Development and Psychopathology, 26(4, Pt. 1), 1129–1147. doi:10.1017/S0954579414000613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, E. K., McCollum, K. F., Elo, I. T., Lee, H. J., & Culhane, J. F. (2004). Maternal depressive symptoms and infant health practices among low-income women. Pediatrics, 113, e523–e529. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.e523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Civic, D., & Holt, V. L. (2000). Maternal depressive symptoms and child behavior problems in a nationally representative normal birthweight sample. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 4, 215–221. doi:10.1023/A:1026667720478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compas, B. E., Howell, D. C., Phares, V., Williams, R. A., & Ledoux, N. (1989). Parent and child stress and symptoms: An integrative analysis. Developmental Psychology, 25(4), 550–559. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.25.4.550
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell, A. M., & Goodman, S. H. (2002). The association between psychopathology in fathers versus mothers and children’s internalizing and externalizing behavior problems: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 746–773. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.746
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyne, J. C. (1976). Depression and the response of others. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 186–193. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.85.2.186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (1994). Maternal depression and child development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 73–122. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01133.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings, E. M., Keller, P. S., & Davies, P. T. (2005). Towards a family process model of maternal and paternal depressive symptoms: Exploring multiple relations with child and family functioning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 46, 479–489. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00368.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Los Reyes, A., Augenstein, T. M., Wang, M., Thomas, S. A., Drabick, D. A., Burgers, D. E., & Rabinowitz, J. (2015). The validity of the multi-informant approach to assessing child and adolescent mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 141(4), 858–900. doi:10.1037/a0038498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Los Reyes, A., Thomas, S. A., Goodman, K. L., & Kundey, S. M. (2013). Principles underlying the use of multiple informants’ reports. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 123–149. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dishion, T., Shaw, D. S., Connell, A. M., Gardner, F., Weaver, C., & Wilson, M. (2008). The family check-up with high-risk indigent families: Preventing problem behavior by increasing parents’ positive behavior support in early childhood. Child Development, 79, 1395–1414. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01195.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dishion, T. J., Brennan, L. M., Shaw, D. S., McEachern, A. D., Wilson, M. N., & Jo, B. (2014). Prevention of problem behavior through annual family check-ups in early childhood: Intervention effects from home to early elementary school. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(3), 343–354. doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9768-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dishion, T., & Stormshak, E. A. (2007). Intervening in children’s lives: An ecological, family-centered approach to mental health care. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Dix, T. (1991). The affective organization of parenting: Adaptive and maladaptive processes. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 3–25. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., & Reiser, M. (1999). Parental reactions to children’s negative emotions: Longitudinal relations to quality of children’s social functioning. Child Development, 70, 513–534. doi:10.1111/cdev.1999.70.issue-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elgar, F. J., McGrath, P. J., Waschbusch, D. A., Stewart, S. H., & Curtis, L. J. (2004). Mutual influences on maternal depression and child adjustment problems. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 441–459. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, J., Melotti, R., Heron, J., Ramchandani, P., Wiles, N., Murray, L., & Stein, A. (2012). The timing of maternal depressive symptoms and child cognitive development: A longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 632–640. doi:10.1111/jcpp.2012.53.issue-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagot, B. I., & Kavanagh, K. (1993). Parenting during the second year: Effects of children’s age, sex, and attachment classification. Child Development, 64, 258–271. doi:10.2307/1131450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, C. J. (2009). An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and researchers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(5), 532–538. doi:10.1037/a0015808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson, D. M., Lynskey, M. T., & Horwood, L. J. (1993). The effect of maternal depression on maternal ratings of child behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21(3), 245–269. doi:10.1007/BF00917534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feske, U., Shear, M. K., Anderson, B., Cyranowski, J., Strassburger, M., Matty, M., … Frank, E. (2001). Comparison of severe life stress in depressed mothers and non-mothers: Do children matter? Depression and Anxiety, 13, 109–117. doi:10.1002/da.1026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, T., Healy, B., Goldstein, S., Perry, S., Bendell, D., Schanberg, S., … Kuhn, C. (1988). Infants of depressed mothers show “depressed” behavior even with nondepressed adults. Child development 59, 1569–1579.
   Google Scholar
• Gelfand, D. M., & Teti, D. M. (1990). The effects of maternal depression on children. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 329–353. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(90)90065-I
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999). Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychological Review, 106, 458–490. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, S. H., Rouse, M. H., Connell, A. M., Broth, M. R., Hall, C. M., & Heyward, D. (2011). Maternal depression and child psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14(1), 1–27. doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0080-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimbos, T., & Granic, I. (2009). Changes in maternal depression are associated with MST outcomes for adolescents with co-occurring externalizing and internalizing problems. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 1415–1423. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, H. E., Shaw, D. S., Burwell, R. A., & Nagin, D. S. (2009). Transactional processes in child disruptive behavior and maternal depression: A longitudinal study from early childhood to adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 21(1), 139–156. doi:10.1017/s0954579409000091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, H. E., Shaw, D. S., & Moilanen, K. L. (2008). Reciprocal associations between boys’ externalizing problems and mothers’ depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 693–709. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9224-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, H. E., Shaw, D. S., Moilanen, K. L., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2008). Reciprocal models of child behavior and depressive symptoms in mothers and fathers in a sample of children at risk for early conduct problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 742–751. doi:10.1037/a0013514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, L. A., Williams, C. A., & Greenberg, R. S. (1985). Supports, stressors, and depressive symptoms in low-income mothers of young children. American Journal of Public Health, 75, 518–522. doi:10.2105/AJPH.75.5.518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammen, C. (1991). Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 555–561. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammen, C. (1992). Life events and depression: The plot thickens. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 179–193. doi:10.1007/BF00940835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammen, C. (2006). Stress generation in depression: Reflections on origins, research, and future directions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 1065–1082. doi:10.1002/jclp.20293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanington, L., Ramchandani, P., & Stein, A. (2010). Parental depression and child temperament: Assessing child to parent effects in a longitudinal population study. Infant Behavior & Development, 33(1), 88–95. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, P., & Garber, J. (2004). The relations among depression in fathers, children’s psychopathology, and father-child conflict: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 339–360. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keenan, K., & Shaw, D. S. (1995). The development of coercive family processes: The interaction between aversive toddler behavior and parenting factors. In J. McCord (Ed.), Coercion and punishment in long-term perspectives (pp. 165–180). Boston, MA: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kochanska, G., Kuczynski, L., & Maguire, M. (1989). Impact of diagnosed depression and self-reported mood on mothers’ control strategies: A longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 17(5), 493–511. doi:10.1007/BF00916509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kouros, C. D., & Garber, J. (2010). Dynamic associations between maternal depressive symptoms and adolescents’ depressive and externalizing symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 1069–1081. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9433-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson, H., Viding, E., Rijsdijk, F. V., & Plomin, R. (2008). Relationships between parental negativity and childhood antisocial behavior over time: A bidirectional effects model in a longitudinal genetically informative design. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(5), 633–645. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9151-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovejoy, M. C., Graczyk, P. A., O’Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(5), 561–592. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00100-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons-Ruth, K., Wolfe, R., Lyubchik, A., & Steingard, R. (2002). Depressive symptoms in parents of children under age 3: Sociodemographic predictors, current correlates, and associated parenting behaviors. In N. Halfon, K.T. McLearn, & M.A. Schuster (Eds.),Child Rearing in America: Challenges Facing Parents with Young Children (pp. 217–259). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marchand, J. F., Hock, E., & Widaman, K. (2002). Mutual relations between mothers’ depressive symptoms and hostile-controlling behavior and young children’s externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2, 335–353. doi:10.1207/S15327922PAR0204_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLennan, J. D., Kotelchuck, M., & Cho, H. (2001). Prevalence, persistence, and correlates of depressive symptoms in a national sample of mothers of toddlers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1316–1323. doi:10.1097/00004583-200111000-00012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, L., Fiori-Cowley, A., Hooper, R., & Cooper, P. (1996). The impact of postnatal depression and associated adversity on early mother-infant interactions and later infant outcome. Child Development, 67, 2512–2526. doi:10.2307/1131637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2004). Mplus user’s guide: statistical analysis with latent variables: User’ss guide. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Noldus Information Technology. (2003). The Observer Reference Manual 5.0. Wageningen, the Netherlands: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Odgers, C. L., Moffitt, T. E., Broadbent, J. M., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., … Caspi, A. (2008). Female and male antisocial trajectories: From childhood origins to adult outcomes. Development and Psychopathology, 20(2), 673–716. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Leary, S. G., Slep, A. M., & Reid, M. J. (1999). A longitudinal study of mothers’ overreactive discipline and toddlers’ externalizing behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27(5), 331–341. doi:10.1023/A:1021919716586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family process (Vol. 3). Eugene, OR: Castalia.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, G. R. (2002). The early development of coercive family process. In J. B. Reid, G. R. Patterson, & J. Snyder (Eds.), Antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: A developmental analysis and model for intervention (pp. 25–44). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, G. R. (2016). Coercion theory: The study of change. In T.J. Dishion & J.J. Snyder (Eds.) The Oxford handbook of coercive relationship dynamics (p. 7).
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). Antisocial boys (Vol. 4). Eugene, OR: Castalia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, J., Winter, C., Jabson, J., & Dishion, T. J. (2008). The relationship affect coding system. Coding manual. Eugene: Child and Family Center, University of Oregon.
   Google Scholar
• Pettit, G. S., & Arsiwalla, D. D. (2008). Commentary on special section on “bidirectional parent-child relationships”: The continuing evolution of dynamic, transactional models of parenting and youth behavior problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(5), 711–718. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9242-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramchandani, P. G., Domoney, J., Sethna, V., Psychogiou, L., Vlachos, H., & Murray, L. (2013). Do early father–infant interactions predict the onset of externalising behaviours in young children? Findings from a longitudinal cohort study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 54, 56–64. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02583.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos-Marcuse, F., Oberlander, S. E., Papas, M. A., McNary, S. W., Hurley, K. M., & Black, M. M. (2010). Stability of maternal depressive symptoms among urban, low-income, African American adolescent mothers. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122, 68–75. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuben, J. D., & Shaw, D. S. (2015). Parental depression and the development of coercion in early childhood. In T. J. Dishion, & J. Snyder (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of coercive relationship dynamics (pp. 69–85). London, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reuben, J. D., Shaw, D. S., Brennan, L. M., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2015). A family-based intervention for improving children’s emotional problems through effects on maternal depressive symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(6), 1142–1148. doi:10.1037/ccp0000049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, R. E. (1980). Reliability of the CES-D scale in different ethnic contexts. Psychiatry Research, 2(2), 125–134. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(80)90069-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sameroff, A. (2009). The transactional model. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Scaramella, L. V., & Leve, L. D. (2004). Clarifying parent-child reciprocities during early childhood: The early childhood coercion model. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7, 89–107. doi:10.1023/B:CCFP.0000030287.13160.a3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp, D., Hay, D. F., Pawlby, S., Schmücker, G., Allen, H., & Kumar, R. (1995). The impact of postnatal depression on boys’ intellectual development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 1315–1336. doi:10.1111/jcpp.1995.36.issue-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, D. S., & Bell, R. Q. (1993). Developmental theories of parental contributors to antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21(5), 493–518. doi:10.1007/BF00916316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, D. S., Bell, R. Q., & Gilliom, M. (2000). A truly early starter model of antisocial behavior revisited. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 3, 155–172. doi:10.1023/A:1009599208790
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaw, D. S., Connell, A., Dishion, T. J., Wilson, M. N., & Gardner, F. (2009). Improvements in maternal depression as a mediator of intervention effects on early childhood problem behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 21(2), 417–439. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, D. S., Keenan, K., & Vondra, J. (1994). Developmental precursors of externalizing behavior: Ages 1 to 3. Developmental Psychology, 30, 355–364. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.3.355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, D. S., & Shelleby, E. C. (2014). Early-starting conduct problems: Intersection of conduct problems and poverty. Annual Review of Clinicial Psychology, 10, 503–528. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, D. S., Sitnick, S. L., Brennan, L. M., Choe, D. E., Dishion, T. J., Wilson, M. N., & Gardner, F. (2016). The long-term effectiveness of the Family Check-Up on school-age conduct problems: Moderation by neighborhood deprivation. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 1471–1471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, D. S., Winslow, E. B., Owens, E. B., Vondra, J. I., Cohn, J. F., & Bell, R. Q. (1998). The development of early externalizing problems among children from low-income families: A transformational perspective. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(2), 95–107. doi:10.1023/A:1022665704584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitnick, S. L., Shaw, D. S., Gill, A., Dishion, T., Winter, C., Waller, R., … Wilson, M. (2015). Parenting and the family check-up: Changes in observed parent–child interaction following early childhood intervention. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(6), 970–984. doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.940623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, J. D., Dishion, T. J., Shaw, D. S., Wilson, M. N., Winter, C. C., & Patterson, G. R. (2014). Coercive family process and early-onset conduct problems from age 2 to school entry. Development and Psychopathology, 26(401), 917–932. doi:10.1017/S0954579414000169
   Google Scholar
• Tremblay, R. E., Nagin, D. S., Seguin, J. R., Zoccolillo, M., Zelazo, P. D., Boivin, M., … Japel, C. (2004). Physical aggression during early childhood: Trajectories and predictors. Pediatrics, 114(1), e43–e50. doi:10.1542/peds.114.1.e43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoeven, M., Junger, M., Van Aken, C., Deković, M., & Van Aken, M. A. (2010). Parenting and children’s externalizing behavior: Bidirectionality during toddlerhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31(1), 93–105. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2009.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinfield, N. S., Ingerski, L., & Moreau, S. C. (2009). Maternal and paternal depressive symptoms as predictors of toddler adjustment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 39–47. doi:10.1007/s10826-008-9205-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar