Executive Functions in Girls With and Without Childhood ADHD Followed Through Emerging Adulthood: Developmental Trajectories

References

• Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2003). Manual for the ASEBA adult forms and profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad, S. I., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2016). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Similarities to and differences from other externalizing disorders. In T. P. Beauchaine & S. P. Hinshaw (Eds.), Oxford handbook of externalizing spectrum disorders (pp. 19–37). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Babinski, D. E., Pelham, W. J., Molina, B. G., Gnagy, E. M., Waschbusch, D. A., Yu, J., … Karch, K. M. (2011). Late adolescent and young adult outcomes of girls diagnosed with ADHD in childhood: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Attention Disorders, 15(3), 204–214. doi:10.1177/1087054710361586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (Ed.). (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Best, J. R., Miller, P. H., & Naglieri, J. A. (2011). Relations between executive function and academic achievement from ages 5 to 17 in a large, representative national sample. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(4), 327–336. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Mick, E., Spencer, T., Wilens, T. E., Silva, J. M., … Faraone, S. V. (2006). Young adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A controlled 10-year follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 36(2), 167–179. doi:10.1017/S003329170500641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Doyle, A. E., Spencer, T., Henderson, C. S., Marion, B., … Faraone, S. V. (2007). Stability of executive function deficits in girls with ADHD: A prospective longitudinal follow-up study into adolescence. Developmental Neuropsychology, 33, 44–61. doi:10.1080/87565640701729755
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Woodworth, K. Y., Lomedico, A., Hyder, L. L., & Faraone, S. V. (2012). Adult outcome of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A controlled 16-year follow-up study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73(7), 941–950. doi:10.4088/JCP.11m07529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T. E. (2013). A new understanding of ADHD in children and adults: Executive function impairments. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Conners, C. K. (1995). Conners‘ Continuous Performance Test computer program: User‘s manual. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• De Luca, C. R., Wood, S. J., Anderson, V., Buchanan, J., Proffitt, T. M., Mahony, K., & Pantelis, C. (2003). Normative data from the CANTAB. I: Development of executive function over the lifespan. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25(2), 242–254. doi:10.1076/jcen.25.2.242.13639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sayed, E., Larsson, J. O., Persson, H., Santosh, P., & Rydelius, P. A. (2003). “Maturational lag” hypothesis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An update. Acta Pædiatrica, 92, 776–784. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb02531.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garson, D. (2013). Hierarchical linear modeling guide and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Gilliam, M., Stockman, M., Malek, M., Sharp, W., Greenstein, D., Lalonde, F., … Shaw, P. (2011). Developmental trajectories of the corpus callosum in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 69(9), 839–846. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.11.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guelzow, B. T., Loya, F., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2017). How persistent is ADHD into adulthood? Informant report and diagnostic thresholds in a female sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45(2), 301–312. doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0174-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, G., Helm, J., Iucha, C., Zahn-Waxler, C., Hastings, P. D., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2016). Are executive functioning deficits concurrently and predictively associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents? Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 45(1), 44–58. doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1041592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmes, E. (2000). Learning and memory. In G. Groth-Marnat (Ed.), Neuropsychological assessment in clinical practice: A guide to test interpretation and integration (pp. 293–334). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Hinshaw, S. P. (2002). Preadolescent girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: I. Background characteristics, comorbidity, cognitive and social functioning, and parenting practices. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1086–1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinshaw, S. P. (2018). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Controversy, developmental mechanisms, and multiple levels of analysis. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 14, 291–316. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinshaw, S. P., Carte, E. T., Fan, C., Jassy, J. S., & Owens, E. B. (2007). Neuropsychological functioning of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder followed prospectively into adolescence: Evidence for continuing deficits? Neuropsychology, 21(2), 263–273. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.2.263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinshaw, S. P., Owens, E. B., Sami, N., & Fargeon, S. (2006). Prospective follow-up of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into adolescence: Evidence for continuing cross-domain impairment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 489–499. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinshaw, S. P., & Scheffler, R. M. (2014). The ADHD explosion: Myths, medication, money, and today‘s push for performance. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jurado, M. B., & Rosselli, M. (2007). The elusive nature of executive functions: A review of our current understanding. Neuropsychology Review, 17(3), 213–233. doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9040-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Demler, O., … Zaslavsky, A. M. (2006). The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 716–723. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krain, A. L., & Castellanos, F. X. (2006). Brain development and ADHD. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(4), 433–444. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahone, E. M., & Wodka, E. L. (2008). The neurobiological profile of girls with ADHD. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 14(4), 276–284. doi:10.1002/ddrr.41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martel, M., Nikolas, M., & Nigg, J. T. (2007). Executive function in adolescents with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(11), 1437–1444. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31814cf953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, H., Skokauskas, N., & Frodl, T. (2014). Identifying a consistent pattern of neural function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 44(4), 869–880. doi:10.1017/S0033291713001037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micco, J. A., Henin, A., Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Petty, C., Rindlaub, L. A., … Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R. (2009). Executive functioning in offspring at risk for depression and anxiety. Depression and Anxiety, 26(9), 780–790. doi:10.1002/da.20573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mick, E., Byrne, D., Fried, R., Monuteaux, M., Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2011). Predictors of ADHD persistence in girls at 5-year follow-up. Journal of Attention Disorders, 15(3), 183–192. doi:10.1177/1087054710362217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, M., Ho, J., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2012). Executive functions in girls with ADHD followed prospectively into young adulthood. Neuropsychology, 26(3), 278–287. doi:10.1037/a0027792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, M., Loya, F., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2013). Executive functions in girls with and without childhood ADHD: Developmental trajectories and associations with symptom change. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 1005–1015. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, M., Nevado-Montenegro, A., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2012). Childhood executive function continues to predict outcomes in young adult females with and without childhood-diagnosed ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(5), 657–668. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9599-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg, J. T. (2017). Annual Research Review: On the relations among self-regulation, self-control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk-taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(4), 361–383. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg, J. T., Wong, M. M., Martel, M. M., Jester, J. M., Puttler, L. I., Glass, J. M., … Zucker, R. A. (2006). Poor response inhibition as a predictor of problem drinking and illicit drug use in adolescents at risk for alcoholism and other substance use disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(4), 468–475. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000199028.76452.a9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogilvie, J. M., Stewart, A. L., Chan, R. K., & Shum, D. K. (2011). Neuropsychological measures of executive function and antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 49(4), 1063–1107. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00252.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterrieth, P. A. (1944). Le test de copie d‘une figure complex [A test of copying a complex figure]. Archives De Psychologie, 30, 206–356.
   Google Scholar
• Owens, E. B., Zalecki, C., Gillette, P., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2017). Girls with childhood ADHD as adults: Cross-domain outcomes by diagnostic persistence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(7), 723. doi:10.1037/ccp0000217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patros, C. H., Alderson, R. M., Kasper, L. J., Tarle, S. J., Lea, S. E., & Hudec, K. L. (2015). Choice-impulsivity in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 43, 162–174. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 37(1), 51–87. doi:10.1111/jcpp.1996.37.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse, T. A. (2010). Selective review of cognitive aging. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 16(5), 754–760. doi:10.1017/S1355617710000706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sami, N., Carte, E. T., Hinshaw, S. P., & Zupan, B. A. (2003). Performance of girls with ADHD and comparison girls on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure: Evidence for executive processing deficits. Child Neuropsychology, 9(4), 237–254. doi:10.1076/chin.9.4.237.23514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidman, L. J., Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Valera, E., Doyle, A. E., & Faraone, S. V. (2005). Impact of gender and age on executive functioning: Do girls and boys with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder differ neuropsychologically in preteen and teenage years? Developmental Neuropsychology, 27(1), 79–105. doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2701_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, P., Eckstrand, K., Sharp, W., Blumenthal, J., Lerch, J. P., Greenstein, D., … Rapoport, J. L. (2007). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences, 104(49), 19649–19654. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707741104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, P., Lerch, J., Greenstein, D., Sharp, W., Clasen, L., Evans, A., … Rapoport, J. (2006). Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and clinical outcome in children and adolescents with attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(5), 540–549. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.5.540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibley, M. H., Mitchell, J. T., & Becker, S. P. (2016). Method of adult diagnosis influences estimated persistence of childhood ADHD: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(12), 1157–1165. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30190-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., & Halperin, J. M. (2010). Developmental phenotypes and causal pathways in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Potential targets for early intervention? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 368–389. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02195.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sripada, C. S., Kessler, D., & Angstadt, M. (2014). Lag in maturation of the brain‘s intrinsic functional architecture in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(39), 14259–14264. doi:10.1073/pnas.1407787111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, L. (1969). Localization of cerebral lesions by psychological testing. Clinical Neurosurgery, 1969(16), 269–287. doi:10.1093/neurosurgery/16.CN_suppl_1.269
   Google Scholar
• van Lieshout, M., Luman, M., Buitelaar, J., Rommelse, N. J., & Oosterlaan, J. (2013). Does neurocognitive functioning predict future or persistence of ADHD? A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(4), 539–560. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler intelligence scale for children (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1992). Wechsler individual achievement test. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• What Works Clearinghouse. (2008). Procedures and standards handbook (version 2.1). Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/pdf/reference_resources/wwc_procedures_v2_1_standards_handbook.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1336–1346. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar