The effect of carbon nanofibers on transverse cracking in carbon fiber reinforced polymer: A 3D finite element modeling and simulation

References

• M.H. Al-Saleh and U. Sundararaj, Review of the mechanical properties of carbon nanofiber/polymer composites, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 2126–2142, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.08.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Silvestre, N. Silvestre, and J. De Brito, Polymer nanocomposites for structural applications: Recent trends and new perspectives, Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 1263–1277, 2016. DOI: 10.1080/15376494.2015.1068406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Wang, et al., Dynamic behavior of carbon nanofiber-modified epoxy with the effect of polydopamine-coated interface, Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., vol. 27, no. 21, pp. 1827–1839, 2020. DOI: 10.1080/15376494.2018.1529843.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D.R. Paul and L.M. Robeson, Polymer nanotechnology: Nanocomposites, Polymer, vol. 49, no. 15, pp. 3187–3204, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.04.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V. Mordkovich, Carbon nanofibers: A new ultrahigh-strength material for chemical technology, Theoret. Foundations Chem. Eng., vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 429–438, 2003. DOI: 10.1023/A:1026082323244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N.T. Phong, M.H. Gabr, K. Okubo, B. Chuong, and T. Fujii, Improvement in the mechanical performances of carbon fiber/epoxy composite with addition of nano-(Polyvinyl alcohol) fibers, Compos. Struct., vol. 99, pp. 380–387, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.12.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Inam, D.W. Wong, M. Kuwata, and T. Peijs, Multiscale hybrid micro-nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes and carbon fibers, J. Nanomater., vol. 2010, pp. 1–12, 2010. DOI: 10.1155/2010/453420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Ashrafi, et al., Enhancement of mechanical performance of epoxy/carbon fiber laminate composites using single-walled carbon nanotubes, Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 71, no. 13, pp. 1569–1578, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.06.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Luo, Z. Duan, G. Xian, Q. Li, and T. Zhao, Damping performances of carbon nanotube reinforced cement composite, Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 224–232, 2015. DOI: 10.1080/15376494.2012.736052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V. Varma and V. Rajamohan, Enhancement of low cycle vibration induced fatigue life of composite beam having central hole using CNT reinforcement: An experimental study, Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., vol. 27, no. 24, pp. 2059–2067, 2020. DOI: 10.1080/15376494.2018.1541489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Sandler, P. Werner, M.S. Shaffer, V. Demchuk, V. Altstädt, and A.H. Windle, Carbon-nanofibre-reinforced poly (ether ether ketone) composites, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 1033–1039, 2002. DOI: 10.1016/S1359-835X(02)00084-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Shui and D. Chung, Conducting polymer-matrix composites containing carbon filaments of submicron diameter, 38th Int. SAMPE Symp Exhib., Advanced Materials: Performance through Technology Insertion, vol. 38, pp. 1869–1875, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• D.R. Bortz, C. Merino, and I. Martin-Gullon, Mechanical characterization of hierarchical carbon fiber/nanofiber composite laminates, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 1584–1591, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.07.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Muthu, P. Bradley, I.I. Jinasena, S. Durbach, A. Moya, and R. Paskaramoorthy, The effects of carbon nanofiber on the mechanical properties of glass/coir fiber reinforced polyester hybrid composites, Polym. Compos., vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 318–328, 2018. DOI: 10.1002/pc.23938.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Dai and L. Mishnaevsky, Jr. Carbon nanotube reinforced hybrid composites: Computational modeling of environmental fatigue and usability for wind blades, Compos. Part B: Eng., vol. 78, pp. 349–360, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.03.073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Dai and L. Mishnaevsky, Jr. Fatigue of multiscale composites with secondary nanoplatelet reinforcement: 3D computational analysis, Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 91, pp. 71–81, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2013.11.024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Kundalwal and S. Kumar, Multiscale modeling of stress transfer in continuous microscale fiber reinforced composites with nano-engineered interphase, Mech. Mater., vol. 102, pp. 117–131, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.mechmat.2016.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S.S. Wicks, W. Wang, M.R. Williams, and B.L. Wardle, Multi-scale interlaminar fracture mechanisms in woven composite laminates reinforced with aligned carbon nanotubes, Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 100, pp. 128–135, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.06.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Ogasawara, Y. Ishida, and T. Ishikawa, Properties of vapor grown carbon nano fiber/phenylethynyl terminated polyimide composite, Adv. Compos. Mater., vol. 13, no. 3-4, pp. 215–226, 2004. DOI: 10.1163/1568551042580208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Zeng, B. Saltysiak, W. Johnson, D.A. Schiraldi, and S. Kumar, Processing and properties of poly (methyl methacrylate)/carbon nanofiber composites, Compos. Part B: Eng., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 245–249, 2004. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2003.08.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E.E. Gdoutos, M.S. Konsta-Gdoutos, and P.A. Danoglidis, Portland cement mortar nanocomposites at low carbon nanotube and carbon nanofiber content: A fracture mechanics experimental study, Cem. Concr. Compos., vol. 70, pp. 110–118, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.03.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N.M. Barkoula, B. Alcock, N. Cabrera, and T. Peijs, Fatigue properties of highly oriented polypropylene tapes and all-polypropylene composites, Polym. Polym. Compos., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 101–113, 2008. DOI: 10.1177/096739110801600203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S.C. Joshi and V. Dikshit, Enhancing interlaminar fracture characteristics of woven CFRP prepreg composites through CNT dispersion, J. Compos. Mater., vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 665–675, 2012. DOI: 10.1177/0021998311410472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Arca and D. Coker, Experimental investigation of CNT effect on curved beam strength and interlaminar fracture toughness of CFRP laminates, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., vol. 524, pp. 012038, 2014. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/524/1/012038.
   Google Scholar
• P. Subba Rao, K. Renji, M. Bhat, D.R. Mahapatra, and G. Narayana Naik, Mechanical properties of CNT–Bisphenol E cyanate ester-based CFRP nanocomposite developed through VARTM process, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 1000–1014, 2015. DOI: 10.1177/0731684415585382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Karapappas, A. Vavouliotis, P. Tsotra, V. Kostopoulos, and A. Paipetis, Enhanced fracture properties of carbon reinforced composites by the addition of multi-wall carbon nanotubes, J. Compos. Mater., vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 977–985, 2009. DOI: 10.1177/0021998308097735.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Böger, J. Sumfleth, H. Hedemann, and K. Schulte, Improvement of fatigue life by incorporation of nanoparticles in glass fibre reinforced epoxy, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 1419–1424, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.06.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V. Kostopoulos, et al., Mode I interlaminar fracture of CNF or/and PZT doped CFRPs via acoustic emission monitoring, Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 822–828, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.02.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Venkatanarayanan and A.J. Stanley, Intermediate velocity bullet impact response of laminated glass fiber reinforced hybrid (HEP) resin carbon nano composite, Aerosp. Sci. Technol., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 75–83, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.ast.2011.05.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Ma, L. Wu, X. Cheng, D. Zhuo, Z. Weng, and R. Wang, Improving the interlaminar properties of polymer composites using a situ accumulation method to construct the multi-scale reinforcement of carbon nanofibers/carbon fibers, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 72, pp. 65–74, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.01.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Sarim, B.M. Zhang, and C.C. Wang, Mechanical enhancement of carbon fiber/epoxy composites based on carbon nano fibers by using spraying methodology, AMM, vol. 245, pp. 203–208, 2012. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.245.203.
   Google Scholar
• C. Viets, S. Kaysser, and K. Schulte, Damage mapping of GFRP via electrical resistance measurements using nanocomposite epoxy matrix systems, Compos. Part B: Eng., vol. 65, pp. 80–88, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.09.049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V. Kostopoulos, A. Vavouliotis, P. Karapappas, P. Tsotra, and A. Paipetis, Damage monitoring of carbon fiber reinforced laminates using resistance measurements. Improving sensitivity using carbon nanotube doped epoxy matrix system, J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct., vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 1025–1034, 2009. DOI: 10.1177/1045389X08099993.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Jafarpour, M. Safarabadi, M. Haghighi-Yazdi, and A. Yousefi, Numerical study of curing thermal residual stresses in GF/CNF/epoxy nanocomposite using a random generator model, Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., pp. 1–11, 2020. DOI: 10.1080/15376494.2020.1748254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Zhu, C. Park, and G. Jin Yun, An extended Mori-Tanaka micromechanics model for wavy CNT nanocomposites with interface damage, Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 295–307, 2021. DOI: 10.1080/15376494.2018.1562135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Pontefisso and L. Mishnaevsky, Jr, Nanomorphology of graphene and CNT reinforced polymer and its effect on damage: Micromechanical numerical study, Compos. Part B: Eng., vol. 96, pp. 338–349, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.04.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Hamedi, H. Golestanian, Y. Tadi Beni, and K. Alasvand Zarasvand, Evaluation of fracture energy for nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes using numerical and micromechanical methods, Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 984–992, 2019. DOI: 10.1080/15376494.2018.1432787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Weidt and Ł. Figiel, Effect of CNT waviness and van der Waals interaction on the nonlinear compressive behaviour of epoxy/CNT nanocomposites, Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 115, pp. 52–59, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.04.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Hasanzadeh, R. Ansari, and M. Hassanzadeh-Aghdam, Micromechanical elastoplastic analysis of randomly oriented nonstraight carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer nanocomposites, Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., vol. 26, no. 20, pp. 1700–1710, 2019. DOI: 10.1080/15376494.2018.1444227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Kundalwal and S. Meguid, Multiscale modeling of regularly staggered carbon fibers embedded in nano-reinforced composites, Eur. J. Mech.-A/Solids, vol. 64, pp. 69–84, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.euromechsol.2017.01.014.
   Google Scholar
• A. Alva, A. Bhagat, and S. Raja, Effective moduli evaluation of carbon nanotube reinforced polymers using micromechanics, Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 819–828, 2015. DOI: 10.1080/15376494.2013.864434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V.S. Romanov, S.V. Lomov, I. Verpoest, and L. Gorbatikh, Can carbon nanotubes grown on fibers fundamentally change stress distribution in a composite?, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 63, pp. 32–34, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.03.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V. Romanov, S.V. Lomov, I. Verpoest, and L. Gorbatikh, Inter-fiber stresses in composites with carbon nanotube grafted and coated fibers, Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 114, pp. 79–86, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.04.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Ahmadi, R. Ansari, and S. Rouhi, Fracture behavior of the carbon nanotube/carbon fiber/polymer multiscale composites under bending test–A stochastic finite element method, Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., vol. 26, no. 13, pp. 1169–1177, 2019. DOI: 10.1080/15376494.2018.1432790.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Melro, P. Camanho, F.A. Pires, and S. Pinho, Micromechanical analysis of polymer composites reinforced by unidirectional fibres: Part II–Micromechanical analyses, Int. J. Solids Struct., vol. 50, no. 11-12, pp. 1906–1915, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2013.02.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P.D. Soden, M.J. Hinton, and A. Kaddour, Lamina properties, lay-up configurations and loading conditions for a range of fibre reinforced composite laminates. In: Failure Criteria in Fibre-Reinforced-Polymer Composites, Elsevier, pp. 30–51, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• B. Fiedler, M. Hojo, S. Ochiai, K. Schulte, and M. Ando, Failure behavior of an epoxy matrix under different kinds of static loading, Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 61, no. 11, pp. 1615–1624, 2001. DOI: 10.1016/S0266-3538(01)00057-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F.J. Guild, K.D. Potter, J. Heinrich, R.D. Adams, and M. Winsom, Understanding and control of adhesive crack propagation in bonded joints between carbon fibre composite adherends II. Finite element analysis, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 445–453, 2001. DOI: 10.1016/S0143-7496(01)00021-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z.S. Metaxa, M.S. Konsta-Gdoutos, and S.P. Shah, Carbon nanofiber cementitious composites: Effect of debulking procedure on dispersion and reinforcing efficiency, Cem. Concr. Compos., vol. 36, pp. 25–32, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.10.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Melro, P. Camanho, F.A. Pires, and S. Pinho, Micromechanical analysis of polymer composites reinforced by unidirectional fibres: Part I–Constitutive modelling, Int. J. Solids Struct., vol. 50, no. 11-12, pp. 1897–1905, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2013.02.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V.M. Cunha, J.A. Barros, and J.M. Sena-Cruz, A finite element model with discrete embedded elements for fibre reinforced composites, Comput. Struct., vol. 94-95, pp. 22–33, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruc.2011.12.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Puck and H. Schürmann, Failure analysis of FRP laminates by means of physically based phenomenological models. Composites Science and Technology, vol. 62, no. 12-13, pp. 1633–1662, 2002.
   Google Scholar