References
- Alves V, Muratov E, Capuzzi S, Politi R, Low Y, Braga R, Zakharov AV, Sedykh A, Mokshyna E, Farag S, et al. 2016. Alarms about structural alerts. Green Chem. 18(16):4348–4360.
- Beevers C, Adamson RH. 2016. Evaluation of 4-methylimidazole, in the Ames/Salmonella test using induced rodent liver and lung S9. Environ Mol Mutagen. 57(1):51–57.
- Benigni R, Bossa C, Tcheremenskaia O. 2013. Nongenotoxic carcinogenicity of chemicals: mechanisms of action and early recognition through a new set of structural alerts. Chem Rev. 113(5):2940–2957.
- Benigni R, Bossa C, Tcheremenskaia O, Worth A. 2009. Development of structural alerts for the in vivo micronucleus assay in rodents. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
- Benigni R, Bossa C, Jeliazkova N, Netzeva T, Worth A. 2008. The Benigni/Bossa rulebase for mutagenicity and carcinogenicity – a module of Toxtree. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
- Cruzan G, Harkema JR, Hosako H, Wasil JM, Murray FJ. 2015. Evaluation of the mode of action of mouse lung tumors induced by 4-methylimidazole. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 73(2):501–508.
- Enoch SJ, Ellison CM, Schultz TW, Cronin MT. 2011. A review of the electrophilic reaction chemistry involved in covalent protein binding relevant to toxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol. 41(9):783–802.
- Fennell TR, Watson SL, Dhungana S, Snyder RW. 2019. Metabolism of 4-methylimidazole in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 123:181–194.
- Folmer DE, Doell DL, Lee HS, Noonan GO, Carberry SE. 2018. A U.S. population dietary exposure assessment for 4-methylimidazole (4-MeI) from foods containing caramel colour and from formation of 4-MeI through the thermal treatment of food. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 35(10):1890–1910.
- Folmer D, Doell D, Lee H, Noonan G, Carberry S. 2014. Refined exposure assessment for 4-MEI for the U.S. Population based on quantitative data from foods containing caramel color. Available from: https://iacmcolor.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/2014-ACS-4-MEI-Poster_Folmer_Final.pdf.
- Haseman JK. 2013. Evaluating consistency in the interpretation of NTP rodent cancer bioassays: an examination of mouse lung tumor effects in the 4-MEI study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 66(1):109–115.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2013. 4-Methylimidazole. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.
- Krishna KA, Goel S, Krishna G. 2014. SAR genotoxicity and tumorigenicity predictions for 2-MI and 4-MI using multiple SAR software. Toxicol Mech Methods. 24(4):284–293.
- Morita T, Uneyama C. 2016. Genotoxicity assessment of 4-methylimidazole: regulatory perspectives. Genes Environ. 38:20.
- Chan PC; National Toxicology Program, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. 2004. NTP technical report on the toxicity studies of 2- and 4-methylimidazole (Cas No. 693-98-1 and 822-36-6) administered in feed to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser. (67):1–G12.
- National Toxicology Program. 2007. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of 4-methylimidazole (Cas No. 822-36-6) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (feed studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser. (535):1–274.
- Smith TJ, Wolfson JA, Jiao D, Crupain MJ, Rangan U, Sapkota A, Bleich SN, Nachman KE. 2015. Caramel color in soft drinks and exposure to 4-methylimidazole: a quantitative risk assessment. PLoS One. 10(2):e0118138.
- Vollmuth TA. 2018. Caramel color safety – an update. Food Chem Toxicol. 111:578–596.
- Voogd CE, Van Der Stel JJ, Jacobs JA. 1979. Mutagenic action of nitroimidazoles. IV. Comparison of the mutagenic action of several nitroimidazoles and some imidazoles. Mutat Res. 66(3):207–221.