REFERENCES
- Ackland , R. ( 2005 ). Mapping the U.S. political blogosphere: Are conservative bloggers more prominent? Retrieved January 20, 2007, from http://voson.anu.edu.au/papers/polblogs.pdf
- Adamic , L. and N. Glance . ( 2005 ). The political blogosphere and the 2004 presidential election . Retrieved January 2, 2007, from http://www.blogpulse.com/papers/2005/AdamicGlanceBlogwww.pdf
- Ansolabehere , Stephen , and Shanto Iyengar . ( 1995 ). Going negative: How attack ads shrink and polarize the electorate . New York : The Free Press .
- Ansolabehere , Stephen , Shanto Iyengar , and Adam Simon . ( 1999 ). Replicating experiments using aggregate and survey data: The case of negative advertising and turnout . American Political Science Review , 93 , 901 – 910 .
- Ansolabehere , S. , S. Iyengar , A. Simon , and N. Valentino . ( 1994 ). Does attack advertising demobilize the electorate? American Political Science Review , 88 ( 4 ), 829 – 838 .
- Brodeur (2008). Blogs influence journalists, nearly all facets of news coverage. Retrieved December 28, 2010, from http://www.marketingcharts.com/printblogs-influence-journalists-nearly-all-facets-of-news-coverage-2982/?camp=newsletter&src=mc&type=textlink
- Cillizza , C. ( 2006 ). Clinton courts blogosphere . Retrieved January 10, 2009, from http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thefix/2006/06/sen_clintons_courts_blogospher.html
- Cornfield , M. , J. Carson , A. Kalis , and E. Simon . ( 2005 ). Buzz, blogs and beyond: The Internet and the national discourse in the fall of 2004 . Retrieved May 2, 2006, from http://www.pewInternet.org/ppt/BUZZ_BLOGS_BEYOND_FINAL05-16 05.pdf
- Davis , R. ( 2009 ). Typing politics: The role of blogs in American politics . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Devlin , L. P. ( 1995 ). Political commercials in American presidential elections . In Political advertising in Western democracies: Parties and candidates on television , eds. L. L. Kaid and C. Holtz-Bacha , 186 – 205 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications .
- Drezner , D. and H. Farrell . ( 2004 ). The power and politics of blogs. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Hilton Chicago and the Palmer House Hilton, Chicago .
- Finkel , Steven E. and John G. Geer . ( 1998 ). Spot check: Casting doubt on the demobilizing effect of attack advertising . American Journal of Political Science , 42 , 573 – 595 .
- Froomkin , D. ( 2004 ). White House goes to the blogs . Retrieved March 1, 2009, from http://busharchive.froomkin.com/A7835 2004Aug17.html
- Glover , K. D. ( 2006 ). Bloggers proliferate on campaign payrolls . National Journal . Retrieved January 20, 2010, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15498843/
- Gordon-Murnane , L. ( 2006 ). Blogs, aggregators, and tracking tools . Retrieved February 13, 2008, from http://www.infotoday.com/Searcher/oct06/Gordon-Murnane.shtml
- Greenberg , Dan Ackerman . ( 2007 ). The secret strategies behind many ‘viral’ videos . TechCrunch . Retrieved January 20, 2010, from http://www.techcrunch.com/2007/11/22/the-secret-strategies-behind-many-viral-videos/
- Grove , S. ( 2008 ). YouTube: The flattening of politics . Nieman Reports . Retrieved January 7, 2009, from http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reportsitem.aspx?id=100019
- Hargittai , E. , J. Gallo , and M. Kane . ( 2008 ). Cross-ideological discussions among conservative and liberal bloggers . Public Choice , 134 , 67 – 86 .
- Heim , K. ( 2008 ). Blogs and the Iraq war: A time-series analysis of intermedia agenda setting and agenda building. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Marriott Downtown, Chicago .
- Hiler , J. ( 2002 ). Blogosphere: The emerging media ecosystem . Retrieved September 19, 2003, from http://www.microcontentnews.com/articles/blogosphere.htm
- Hitchon , Jacqueline C. and Chingching Chang . ( 1995 ). Effects of gender schematic processing on the reception of political commercials for men and women candidates . Communication Research , 22 , 430 – 458 .
- Institute for Politics, Democracy and the Internet. (2004). Political influentials online in the 2004 presidential campaign . Retrieved January 29, 2007, from http://www.ipdi.org/uploadedfiles/influentials_in_2004.pdf
- Jones , Sydney , and Susannah Fox . ( 2009 ). Generations online in 2009 . Retrieved January 27, 2009, from http://www.pewinternet.org/~/media/Files/Reports/2009/PIP_Generations_2009.pdf
- Kahn , Kim Fridkin , and Patrick J. Kenney . ( 1999 ). Do negative campaigns mobilize or suppress turnout? Clarifying the relationship between negativity and participation . American Political Science Review , 93 , 877 – 890 .
- Karpf , D. ( 2010 ). Macaca moments reconsidered … electorial panopticon or netroots mobilization? Journal of Information, Technology and Politics , 7 ( 2 ), 143 – 162 .
- Knobloch-Westerwick , S. and J. Meng . ( 2009 ). Looking the other way: Selective exposure to attitude-consistent and counter-attitudinal political information . Communication Research , 36 ( 3 ), 426 – 448 .
- Lau , R. R. , L. Sigelman , C. Heldman , and P. Babbitt . ( 1999 ). The effects of negative political advertisements: A meta-analytic assessment . American Political Science Review , 93 ( 4 ), 851 – 875 .
- Lazarsfeld , P. and R. K. Merton . ( 1954 ). Friendship as a social process: A substantive and methodological analysis . In Freedom and Control in Modern Society , eds. Morroe Berger , Theodore Abel , and Charles H. Page, 18 – 66 . New York : Van Nostrand .
- Lewicka , Maria. ( 1998 ). Confirmation bias: Cognitive error or adaptive strategy of action control? In Personal control in action: Cognitive and motivational mechanisms , eds. Mirosław Kofta , Gifford Weary , and Grzegorz Sedek , 233 – 255 . New York , NY : Springer .
- Li , D. and G. Walejko . ( 2008 ). Splogs and abandoned blogs: The perils of sampling bloggers and their blogs . Information, Communication & Society 11 ( 2 ): 279 – 296 .
- Lipsitz , Keena , Christine Trost , Matthew Grossman , and John Sides . ( 2005 ). What voters want from campaign communication . Political Communication , 22 ( 3 ), 337 – 354 .
- Loechner , J. ( 2007 ). Journalists consistent in their online use and preferences . Retrieved December 15, 2008, from http://www.mediapost.com/publications/?fa=Articles.showArticleHomePage&art_aid=70403
- Madden , M. ( 2007 ). Online video . Retrieved January 4, 2009, from http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Online_Video_2007.pdf
- Marsden , Peter V. ( 1987 ). Core discussion networks of Americans , American Sociological Review , 52 , 122 – 131 .
- McCombs , M. ( 2000 ). The agenda setting role of the mass media in the shaping of public opinion . Unpublished manuscript.
- McCombs , M. and D. Shaw ( 1972 ). The agenda setting function of the mass media . Public Opinion Quarterly , 36 , 176 – 187 .
- McKenna , L. ( 2007 ). Getting the word out: Policy bloggers use their soap box to make change , Review of Policy Research , 24 , 209 – 229 .
- McKenna , L. and A. Pole . ( 2004 ). Do blogs matter? Weblogs in American politics. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago .
- McKenna , L. and A. Pole . (2008). What do political bloggers do? An average day on an average political blog, Public Choice , 134, 97–108.
- McPherson , Miller , Lynn Smith-Lovin , and James M. Cook . ( 2001 ). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks . Annual Review of Sociology , 27 , 415 – 444 .
- Palser , B. ( 2005 ). Journalism's backseat drivers . American Journalism Review , 27 , 42 – 51 .
- Perlmutter , David D. ( 2008 ). Blogwars . New York : Oxford University Press .
- Pew Internet Posts . ( 2008 ). Anthropology of YouTube . Retrieved January 2, 2009, from http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/p/1486/pipcomments.asp
- Pew Research Center for the People and the Press . ( 2008 ). Audience segments in a changing news environment: Key news audiences now blend online and traditional sources . Retrieved January 4, 2009, from http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/444.pdf
- Pfeiffer , E. ( 2006 , April 13 ). GOP urged to make greater use of blogs . Washington Times . Retrieved October 12, 2008, from http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/apr/12/20060412-114949 3390r
- Prinkleton , B. ( 1997 ). The effects of negative comparative political advertising on candidate evaluations and advertising evaluations: An exploration . Journal of Advertising , 26 ( 1 ), 19 – 29 .
- Raine , Lee. ( 2008 ). Video sharing websites . Retrieved January 4, 2010, from http://www.pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2008/Pew_Videosharing_memo_Jan08.pdf.pdf
- Raynauld , Vincent , Thierry Giasson , and Cynthia Darisse . ( 2009 ). Constitution of representative and reliable Web-based research samples: The challenges of studying blogs and online socio-political networks . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, May 27–29, 2009, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario .
- Robertson , S. P. , R. K. Vatrapu , and R. Medina . ( 2009 ). YouTube and Facebook: Online video “friends” social networking . Paper presented at the “YouTube and the 2008 Election Cycle in the United States” Conference, Amherst, MA .
- Roth , M. M. ( 2004 ). How journalists see the blogosphere . Retrieved January 20, 2007, from http://www.asc.upenn.edu/usr/mmccoy/blogs.pdf
- Schiffer , A. J. ( 2006 ). Blogswarms and press norms: News coverage of the Downing Street memo controversy , Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 83 , 494 – 510 .
- Scott , D. T. ( 2005 ). Tempests of the blogosphere: Presidential campaign stories that failed to ignite mainstream media . Retrieved September 20, 2006, from http://homepage.mac.com/dtraversscott/academics/blogflops/tempestsfulltext.html
- Shankland , S. ( 2008 ). YouTube ads for viral videos: ‘Buzz targeting.’ Retrieved January 1, 2009, from http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9943548-7.html
- Shirky , C. ( 2008 ). Here comes everybody: The power of organizing without organizations . New York : Penguin Group .
- Smith , A. ( 2008 ). New numbers for blogging and blog readership . Retrieved January 15, 2010, from http://www.pewinternet.org/Commentary/2008/July/New-numbers-for-blogging-and-blog-readership.aspx
- Smith , A. and L. Rainie . (2008). The Internet and the 2008 election. Retrieved January 2, 2009, from http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_2008_election.pdf
- Smolkin , R. ( 2004 ). The expanding blogosphere . American Journalism Review , 26 , 38 – 44 .
- Sroka , T. N. ( 2006 ). A study of the growing importance of the blogosphere in the U.S. Congress . Retrieved January 21, 2007, from http://www.ipdi.org/UploadedFiles/PoliticalInfluenceOfBLogs.pdf
- Sunstein , Cass. ( 2001 ). Republic.com . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
- Taber , Charles S. and Milton Lodge . ( 2006 ), Motivated skepticism in political information processing . American Journal of Political Science , 50 ( 3 ), 755 – 769 .
- Thorson , E. , W. Christ , and C. Caywood . ( 1991 ). Selling candidates like tubes of toothpaste: Is the comparison apt? In Television and political advertising , ed. F. Biocca , Vol. 1 , 145 – 172 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
- Trippi , J. ( 2004 ). The revolution will not be televised: Democracy, the Internet and the overthrow of everything . New York : Regan Books .
- Wallsten , K. J. ( 2007a ). Agenda setting and the blogosphere: An analysis of the relationship between mainstream media and political blogs . Review of Policy Research , 24 , 567 – 587 .
- Wallsten , K. J. ( 2007b ). Political blogs: Transmission belts, Soapboxes, mobilizers or conversation starters? Journal of Information Technology and Politics , 4 ( 3 ), 19 – 40 .
- Wallsten , K. J. ( 2010 ). “Yes We Can”: How online viewership, blog discussion, campaign statements and mainstream media coverage produced a viral video phenomenon . Journal of Information, Technology and Politics , 7 ( 2 ), 163 – 181 .
- Wattenberg , M. P. and C. L. Brians . ( 1999 ). Negative political advertising: Demobilizer or mobilizer? American Political Science Review , 93 ( 4 ), 891 – 899 .
- Zhu , J. and D. Blood . ( 1997 ). Media agenda-setting theory: Telling the public what to think about . In Emerging theories of human communication , ed. B. Kovacic , 88 – 114 . Albany , NY : SUNY Press .