Political Marketing in Post-Conflict Elections: The Case of Iraq

REFERENCES

• Abbas, M. 2014. “Maliki Got Election Assist from Anbar Crisis.” Al-Monitor.com. 19 May 2014. Accessed 25 May 2014. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/iw/originals/2014/05/iraq-maliki-elections-anbar-benefit.html.
   Google Scholar
• Al Jazeera. 2014. “Iraq Elections Explained.” Aljazeera.com. 30 April 2014. Accessed on 15 May 2014. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/04/qa-iraq-elections-explained-201442973557966208.html.
   Google Scholar
• Al Kadhimi, M. 2014. “Iraqi Elections: All Talk, No Walk.” Al-Monitor.com 17 April 2014. Accessed on 10 July 2014. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/iw/originals/2014/04/iraq-elections-absence-electoral-programs.html.
   Google Scholar
• Bamerni, A. J. 2014. “Campaign Volunteer for Renas Jano Campaign.” Interview with author. 26 April 2014. Dohuk, Iraq.
   Google Scholar
• Benraad, M. 2014. “Al-Maliki Looks at a Third Term in Iraq.” Al Jazeera Center for Studies. 22 April 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Bjornlund, E., G. Cowan, and G. William. 2007. “Election Systems and Political Parties in Post-Conflict and Fragile States.” In Rebuilding Governance in Post-conflict Societies and Fragile States: Emerging Perspectives, Actors, and Approaches, edited by D. Brinkerhoff 64–85. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Blumler, J. G., and D. Kavanagh. 1999. “The Third Age of Political Communication: Influences and Features.” Political Communication 16 (3):209–30. doi:10.1080/105846099198596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, M., and A. A. Nabhan. 2014. “A Look At Some Early (And Oblique) Political Ads, Ahead of Iraq's Elections.” Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/dispatch/2014/04/04/a-look-at-some-early-and-oblique-political-ads-ahead-of-iraqs-elections/.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, S. 2007. “Review of Lilleker and Lees-Marshment (2005).” Parliamentary Affairs 60 (1):180–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawisha, A. 2010. “Iraq: A Vote against Sectarianism.” Journal of Democracy 21 (3):26–40. doi:10.1353/jod.0.0181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delacourt, S., and A. Marland. 2009. “From Sales to Marketing: The Evolution of the Party Pitch.” Policy Options 47:347–51.
   Google Scholar
• Deshpande, R., J. U. Farley, and F. E. Jr. Webster. 1993. “Corporate Culture, Customer Orientation and Innovativeness.” Journal of Marketing 57 (1):23–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge, T. 2012. “Chapter Five: The Politics of Iraq: The Exclusive Elite Bargain and the Rise of a New Authoritarianism.” Adelphi Series 52 (434–35):147–80.
   Google Scholar
• Farrell, D. M. 1996. “Campaign Strategies and Tactics.” In Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective, edited by L. Leduc R. G. Niemi and P. Norris 160–183. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Farrell, D. M., and P. Webb. 2000. “Political Parties as Campaign Organisations.” In Parties Without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, edited by R. J. Dalton and M. P. Wattenberg 102–128. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Garber, L., and K. Kumar. 1998. “What Have We Learned about Postconflict Elections?” New England Journal of Public Policy 14 (1):9–23.
   Google Scholar
• Habib, M. 2014a. “Iraq Election 2014: Facebook Helps Politicians Bend Rules, Campaign Early.” Niqash.org. 27 February 2014. Accessed on 18 April 2014. http://www.niqash.org/ articles/?id=3392.
   Google Scholar
• Habib, M. 2014b. “Iraq Votes 2014: Election Posters Reveal Hidden Messages, New Alliances, Surprising Strategies.” Niqash.org. 10 April 2014. Accessed on 18 April 2014. http://www.niqash.org/articles/?id=3419.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, P., D. Perrin, and E. D. Simenti-Phiri. 2014. “The Americanisation of Southern African Political Campaigns: A Comparative Study of Malawi and South Africa.” Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness 8 (1):74–84.
   Google Scholar
• Hastings, M. 2010. “Iraq's New Hired Guns.” thedailybeast.com, 19 January 2010. Accessed on 12 June 2014. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/01/19/iraqs-new-hired-guns.html#.
   Google Scholar
• Jano, M. 2014a. Campaign Manager for Renas Jano Campaign. Interview with author. 29 April 2014. Dohuk, Iraq.
   Google Scholar
• Jano, R. 2014b. Kurdish Democratic Party Candidate (and now Member of Parliament) in the Iraqi National Parliament. Multiple interviews with author between 26 April and 2 May 2014. Dohuk, Iraq.
   Google Scholar
• Johansen, H. 2012. Relational Political Marketing in Party-centred Democracies: Because We Deserve It. Surrey: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, C. 1996. “Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars.” International Security 20 (4):136–75. doi:10.2307/2539045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohli, A. K., and B. J. Jaworski. 1990. “Market Orientation: The Construct, Research Propositions, and Managerial Implications.” Journal of Marketing 54:1–18. doi:10.2307/1251866
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotler, P. 1975. “Overview of Political Candidate Marketing.” Advances in Consumer Research 2:761–69.
   Google Scholar
• Lees-Marshment, J. 2001. Political Marketing and British Political Parties. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lees-Marshment, J. 2006. “Political Marketing Theory and Practice: A Reply to Omrod's Critique of the Lees-Marshment Market-Oriented Party Model.” Politics 26 (2):119–25. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9256.2006.00258.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees-Marshment, J. 2010. “Global Political Marketing.” In Global Political Marketing, edited by J. Lees-Marshment J. Stromback and C. Rudd 1–15. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lees-Marshment, J., and D. G. Lilleker. 2012. “Knowledge Sharing and Lesson Learning: Consultants’ Perspectives on the International Sharing of Political Marketing Strategy.” Contemporary Politics 18 (3):343–54. doi:10.1080/13569775.2012.702976
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees-Marshment, J., J. Stromback, and C. Rudd. Eds. 2010. Global Political Marketing. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Leiby, R. 2014. “Can Washington Campaign Tactics Translate in Iraq? Sam Patten and His Candidate Hope So.” Washington Post. 28 April 2014. Accessed on 12 July 2014. http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/can-washington-campaign-tactics-translate-in-iraq-sam-patten-and-his-candidate-hope-so/2014/04/28/9ca7fee2-cbe7-11e3-95f7-7ecdde72d2ea_story.html.
   Google Scholar
• Leyne, J. 2005. “Iraq Election Messages Get Through.” BBC News 13 December 2005. Accessed 10 June 2014. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4525474.stm.
   Google Scholar
• Lijphart, A. 1969. “Consociational Democracy.” World Politics 21 (2): 207–25. doi:10.2307/2009820
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilleker, D. G., and J. Lees-Marshment. 2005a. Political Marketing: A Comparative Perspective. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lilleker, D. G., and J. Lees-Marshment. Eds. 2005b. “Introduction: Rethinking Political Party Behaviour.” In Political Marketing: A Comparative Perspective, edited by D. G. Lilleker and J. Lees-Marshment 1–14. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mahoney, J., and C. M. Villegas. 2007. “Historical Enquiry and Comparative Politics.” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, edited by C. Boix and S. C. Stokes 73–89. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marland, A. 2005. “Canadian Political Parties: Market-oriented or Ideological Slagbrains?” In Political Marketing: A Comparative Perspective, edited by D. G. Lilleker and J. Lees-Marshment 59–78. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mauser, G. 1983. Political Marketing. New York: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Narver, J. C., and S. F. Slater. 1990. “The Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability.” Journal of Marketing 54:20–35. doi:10.2307/1251757
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Democratic Institute. 2014. “Iraq.” NDI.org. Accessed 14 July 2014. http://wwwndi.org/iraq.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, B. 1994. The Marketing of the President: Political Marketing as Campaign Strategy. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P. 2000. The Virtuous Circle: Political Communication in Postindustrial Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• O'Cass, A. 1996. “Political Marketing and the Marketing Concept.” European Journal of Marketing 30 (10–11):37–53. doi:10.1108/03090569610149782
   Google Scholar
• O'Cass, A. 2001a. “Political Marketing: An Investigation of the Political Marketing Concept and Market Orientation in Australian Politics.” European Journal of Marketing 30 (9–10):1003–25. doi:10.1108/03090560110401938
   Google Scholar
• O'Cass, A. 2001b. “The Internal-external Marketing Orientation of a Political Party: Social Implications of Political Party Marketing Orientation.” Journal of Public Affairs 1 (2):136–52. doi:10.1002/pa.59
   Google Scholar
• O'Connell, S., S. Smoot, and S. A. Khalil. 2013. Campaign Skills Handbook. Washington, DC: National Democratic Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Odell, J. S. 2001. “Case Study Methods in International Political Economy.” International Studies Perspectives 2:161–76. doi:10.1111/1528-3577.00047
   Google Scholar
• Ormrod, R. P. 2004. Operationalising the Conceptual Model of Political Market Orientation. Institute for Democratic Communication Repoprt Series on Political Communication. No. 14.
   Google Scholar
• Ormrod, R. P. 2005. “A Conceptual Model of Political Market Orientation.” Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing 14 (1/2):47–64. doi:10.1300/j054v14n01_04
   Google Scholar
• Ormrod, R. P. 2006. “A Critique of the Lees-Marshment Market-oriented Party Model.” Politics 26:110–18. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9256.2006.00257.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormrod, R. P. 2007. “Political Market Orientation and Its Commercial Cousin: Close Family or Distant Relatives?” Journal of Political Marketing 6 (2/3):69–90. doi:10.1300/j199v06n02_05
   Google Scholar
• Ormrod, R. P. 2011. “Limitation and Implications of Product-oriented, Sales-oriented and Market-oriented Political Parties: Evidence for Public Affairs.” Journal of Public Affairs 11 (4):395–405. doi:10.1002/pa.428
   Google Scholar
• Ormrod, R. P., and S. C. Henneberg. 2010. “Strategic Political Postures and Political Market Orientation: Toward an Integrated Concept of Political Marketing Strategy.” Journal of Political Marketing 9:294–313. doi:10.1080/15377857.2010.518106
   Google Scholar
• Ormrod, R. P., S. C. Henneberg, and N. J. O'Shaughnessy. 2013. Political Marketing: Theory and Concepts. Los Angeles: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ormrod, R. P., and H. Savigny. 2012. “Political Market Orientation: A Framework for Understanding Relationship Structures in Political Parties.” Party Politics 18 (4):487–502. doi:10.1177/1354068810389632
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Shaughnessy, N. J., P. R. Baines, A. O'Cass, and R. P. Ormrod. 2012. “Political Marketing Orientation: Confusions, Complications, and Criticisms.” Journal of Political Marketing 11:353–66. doi:10.1080/15377857.2012.724258
   Google Scholar
• Plasser, F., and G. Plasser. 2002. Global Political Campaigning: A Worldwide Analysis of Campaign Professionals and Their Practices. Westport, CT: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Reilly, B. 2002. “Elections in Post-conflict Scenarios: Constraints and Dangers.” International Peacekeeping 9 (2):118–39. doi:10.1080/714002729
   Google Scholar
• Rubei'i, I., and N. Parker. 2014. “Secularist Underdogs Fight to be Heard in Iraq Election.” Reuters. Accessed on 8 May 2014. http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/04/29/uk-iraq-election-secular-idUKKBN0DF1TN20140429.
   Google Scholar
• Sakai, K. 2012. “De-sectarianizing Patterns of Political Mobilization in the Post-conflict Iraq.” International Journal of Contemporary Iraqi Studies 6 (2):205–29. doi:10.1386/ijcis.6.2.205_1
   Google Scholar
• Savigny, H. 2004. “Political Marketing: A Rational Choice?” Journal of Political Marketing 3 (1):21–38. doi:10.1300/j199v03n01_02
   Google Scholar
• Scammell, M. 1995. Designer Politics: How Elections are Won. London: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Schafferer, C. 2006. “The Globalization of Political Marketing.” In Election Campaigning in East and Southeast Asia: Globalization of Political Marketing, edited by C. Schafferer 1–9. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, A. 1976. “The Marketing of Political Candidates.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Sciences 4:764–77. doi:10.1007/bf02729836
   Google Scholar
• Slater, S. F., and J. C. Narver. 1995. “Market Orientation and the Learning Organization.” Journal of Marketing 59:63–74. doi:10.2307/1252120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, S. F., and J. C. Narver. 1998. “Customer-led and Market-oriented: Let's Not Confuse the Two.” Strategic Management Journal 19:1001–06. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199810)19:10<1001::aid-smj996>3.0.co;2-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, G., and J. Saunders. 1990. “The Application of Marketing to British Politics.” Journal of Marketing Management 5 (3):295–306. doi:10.1080/0267257x.1990.9964106
   Google Scholar
• Sowell, K. 2014. “Iraqi PM Uses Budget Dispute to Boost His Third Term Prospects.” Assyrian International News Agency 25 March 2013. Accessed on 10 June 2014. http:www.aina.org/news/20140325170926.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Stromback, J. 2007. “Political Marketing and Professionalized Campaigning.” Journal of Political Marketing 6 (2–3):49–67. doi:10.1300/j199v06n02_04
   Google Scholar
• Stromback, J. 2010. “A Framework for Comparing Political Market-orientation.” In Global Political Marketing, edited by J. Lees-Marshment J. Stromback and C. Rudd 16–33. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Stromback, J., J. Lees-Marshment, and C. Rudd. 2012. “Political Party Market Orientation in a Global Perspective.” In Routledge Handbook of Political Marketing, edited by J. Lees-Marshment 79–90. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sussman, G. 2005. Global Electioneering: Campaign Consulting, Communications, and Corporate Financing. New York: Rowan & Littlefield Publishers.
   Google Scholar