References
- Alsop, Joseph, and Alsop, Stewart. 1948. “Matter of Fact: Flying Dual Control.” Washington Post. November 3, 15.
- Atlanta Constitution. 1948a. “House may Name Victor.” November 3, 1.
- Atlanta Constitution. 1948b. “It’s Just Like Truman Said It Would Be.” November 4, 16.
- Atlanta Constitution. 1948c. “Scrappy Harry Truman Pledges His Efforts to Fight for Peace, World Prosperity.” November 4, 3.
- Atlanta Constitution. 1948d. “It Was a Big Surprise.” November 4, 17.
- Atlanta Constitution. 1948e. “Clean Campaign Failed, No Regrets, Says Dewey.” November 5, 10.
- Atlanta Journal Constitution. 2016. “Voters Determined to have Their Say.” November 9, 7S.
- Atlantic. 2017. “The Many Scandals of Donald Trump.” January 23. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/01/donald-trump-scandals/474726/.
- Baba, Razak Musah, and Sindreau, Jon. 2016. “Trump Victory Leads to Losses for British Bookies.” Wall Street Journal. November 9. https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-victory-leads-to-losses-for-british-bookies-1478703088.
- Baker, Peter. 2016. “Around the World, Uncertainty and Fear that ‘All Bets Are Off.’” New York Times. November 9, 1.
- BBC.com. 2016. “Former Republican Presidents Will Not Endorse Trump,” May 5. http://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-36214738.
- Benoit, William. 1995. Accounts Excuses, and Apologies: A Theory of Image Restoration Strategies. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
- Benoit, William. 1997a. “Hugh Grant’s Image restoration Discourse: An Actor Apologizes”. Communication Quarterly 45 (30):251–67.
- Benoit, William. 1997b. “Image Repair Discourse and Crisis Communication”. Public Relations Review 23 (2):177–86.
- Benoit, William. 1999. “Kenneth Starr’s Image Repair Discourse Viewed in 20/20”. Communication Quarterly 47:265–80.
- Benoit, William. 2006. “President Bush’s Image Repair Effort on Meet the Press: The Complexities of Defeasibility”. Journal of Applied Communication Research 34:285–06.
- Benoit, William. 2014. “President Barack Obama’s image repair on HealthCare.gov”. Public Relations Review 40:733–38.
- Benoit, William, and Drew, Shirley. 1997. “Appropriateness and Effectiveness of Image Repair Strategies”. Communication Reports 10 (2):153–63.
- Benoit, William, and Hanczor, Robert. 1994. “The Tonya Harding Controversy: An Analysis of Image Restoration Strategies.” Communication Quarterly 42 (4):416–433.
- Benoit, William, and Henson, Jayne. 2009. “President Bush’s Image Repair Discourse on Hurricane Katrina.” Public Relations Review 35:40–46.
- Berger, Meyer 1948. “The Common Man Dazed by Election.” New York Times. November 4, 8.
- Bierman, Noah. 2016. “Election 2016: Signs Were Always There.” Los Angeles Times. November 9, 1.
- Bluestein, Greg. 2016. “Trump Nears Upset Victory over Clinton, Defying Polls.” Atlanta Journal-Constitution. November 9, 1S.
- Bruni, Frank. 2016. “Trump’s Alarming Success.” New York Times. November 9, 27.
- Burns, Judith, and Bruner, Michael. 2000. “Revisiting the Theory of Image Restoration Strategies”. Communication Quarterly 48 (10):27–39.
- Caldiero, Christopher, Taylor, Maureen, and Ungureanu, Lia. 2009. “Image Repair Tactics and Information Subsidies during Fraud Crises.” Journal of Public Relations Research 21:218–28.
- Campbell, Kenneth 1948. “Election Prophets Ponder in Dismay.” New York Times. November 4, 8.
- Cavna, Michael. 2016. “‘South Park’ had Planned on a Clinton Win.” Washington Post. November 10. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2016/11/10/south-park-had-planned-on-a-clinton-win-heres-how-the-show-scrambled-to-depict-president-trump-and-sexism/?utm_term=.fe473a870f88.
- Childs, Marquis. 1948a. “Washington Calling: Patching up the Democrats.” Washington Post November 3, 15.
- Childs, Marquis. 1948b. “Washington Calling: Truman’s Sweep.” Washington Post. November 5, 24.
- Chicago Daily Tribune. 1948a. “More Curbs Expected by Economists.” November 4, C5.
- Chicago Daily Tribune. 1948b. “Never Again, We Hope.” November 4, 22.
- Chicago Tribune. 2006. “Capital Hails Truman Today.” November 5, 1–5.
- Chicago Tribune. 2016. “Global Markets in Turmoil Amid Trump’s Strong Showing.” November 9, 16.
- Chozick, Amy. 2016. “Clinton’s Campaign of Hope and Missteps.” New York Times. November 10, 1.
- Christian Science Monitor. 1948a. “President Polled, Says… “I’m Just Happy.” November 3, 1.
- Christian Science Monitor. 1948b. “The Independence of America.” November 3, 22.
- Christian Science Monitor. 1948c. “Gallup Poll Reasons It out.” November 3, 10.
- Clement, Scott. 2016. “How Much did Polls Miss the Mark on Trump – and Why?” Washington Post. November 10.
- Compton, Josh. 2015. “Political Humor on the Radio, Image Repair, and Gracie Allen’s 1940 Presidential Campaign.” Journal of Radio & Audio Media 22:255–64.
- Compton, Josh. 2016. “Sorry Stories: Image Repair after Regretted Apologies”. Public Relations Review 42:353–58.
- Coombs, Timothy, and Schmidt, Lainen. 2000. “An Empirical Analysis of Image Restoration: Texaco’s Racism Crisis.” Journal of Public Relations Research 12:163–78.
- Demick, B. 2016. “Election 2016: Still Hitting the Glass Ceiling.” Los Angeles Times. November 10, B4.
- Driebusch, Corrie, Kantchev, Georgi, and Krouse, Sarah. 2016. “Donald Trump’s Surprise Victory Sent Global Markets on a 12-hour Thrill Ride.” Wall Street Journal. November 10. https://www.wsj.com/articles/trumps-surprise-victory-sent-global-markets-on-a-12-hour-thrill-ride-1478740554.
- Drummond, Roscoe. 1948. “State of the Nation.” Christian Science Monitor. 3, 1.
- Edwards, Willard. 1948. “Home Town Turns out for Truman Victory Celebration.” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 4, 1.
- Fahrenthold, David, Gold, Matea, and Rucker, Philip. 2016. “Candidates’ Unpopularity Loomed Large for Voters.” Washington Post. November 9, A33.
- Farhi, Paul. 2016. “Pollsters and Data Gurus Look over the Wreckage at Their Election Failures.” Washington Post. November 9. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/pollsters-and-data-gurus-look-over-the-wreckage-of-their-election-failures/2016/11/09/d5f44c38-a69a-11e6-ba59-a7d93165c6d4_story.html?utm_term=.a1fa9537905e.
- Fields, William. 1948. “Dewey is Finished; What about the GOP?” Atlanta Constitution. November 4, 1.
- Finnegan, Michael, and Mehta, Seema. 2016. “Election 2016: Celebratory Mood Builds at Trump Election Party.” Los Angeles Times. November 9, A28.
- Fisher, Marc. 2016. “Acrid Campaign Brought America’s Crass Online ‘Underbelly’ to Surface.” Washington Post. November 9, A01.
- Flegenheimer, Matt, and Barbaro, Micharl. 2016. “Donald Trump Is Elected President in Stunning Repudiation of the Establishment.” New York Times. November 9. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/us/politics/hillary-clinton-donald-trump-president.html.
- Flint, Joe, and Alpert, Lukas. 2016. “How the Media’s Election Predictions Badly Missed the Mark; News outlets Pay the Price for a Pre-election Narrative That had Clinton in the Lead.” Wall Street Journal. November 9. https://www.wsj.com/articles/bad-polling-in-hand-media-misses-mark-badly-with-election-predictions-1478710860.
- Furgerson, Jessica, and Benoit, William. 2013. “Limbaugh’s Loose Lips: Rush Limbaugh’s Image Repair after the Sandra Fluke Controversy.” Journal of Radio & Audio Media 20:273–91.
- Furman, Bess 1948. “View on Teachers Linked to Defeat.” New York Times. November 4, 12.
- Glanton, Dahleen. 2016. “How will Next President Sew Nation Together?” Chicago Tribune. November 9, 4.
- Gold, Bill. 1948. “The District Line.” Washington Post. November 5, C8.
- Goldberg, Jonah. 2016. “Reflections on an Otherworldly Campaign.” Chicago Tribune. November 9, 31.
- Heim, Joe. 2016. “Two College Seniors Got the Election Right….” Washington Post. November 9. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/two-college-seniors-got-the-election-right-when-almost-everyone-else-got-it-wrong/2016/11/09/81c25706-a52b-11e6-8042-f4d111c862d1_story.html?utm_term=.dd1ff2933283.
- Hightower, John M. 1948. “Military Alliance with Western Europe Seen as Early Move for Administration,” Atlanta Constitution. November 4, 1.
- Hoffman, Liz. 2016. “Trump Victory Lifts Wall Street Trading Desks.” Wall Street Journal. November 9. https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-victory-lifts-wall-street-trading-desks-1478712131.
- Hohmann, James. 2016. “The Daily 202: Why Trump Won – and Why the Media Missed It.” Washington Post. November 9. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/paloma/daily-202/2016/11/09/daily-202-why-trump-won-and-why-the-media-missed-it/5822ea17e9b69b6085905dee/?utm_term=.2f5877d33dea.
- Hope, Bradley. 2016. “Inside Donald Trump’s Data Analytics Team on Election Night.” Wall Street Journal. November 9. https://www.wsj.com/articles/inside-donald-trumps-data-analytics-team-on-election-night-1478725225.
- Hornaday, Mary. 1948. “Gallup Finds Poll Error Totaled Only 2.5 Percent.” Christian Science Monitor. November 4, 3.
- Iosebashvili, Ira, Zen, Min, and Dulaney, Chelsey. 2016. “Stock Futures Plunge as Donald Trump Posts Surprising Win.” Wall Street Journal. November 9. https://www.wsj.com/articles/markets-ricochet-as-clinton-trump-trade-lead-in-florida-1478654413.
- Jackson, Marion. 1948a. “Truman’s Spectacular Victory ‘Bowls ‘em over’ in Atlanta.” Atlanta Daily World. November 3, 1.
- Jackson, Marion. 1948b. “Dewey Didn’t Have the Magnetism to Win Folks,” Atlanta Daily World. November 5, 1.
- Krock, Arthur 1948. “Forecasts Upset.” New York Times. November 3, 1.
- Lauter, David. 2016. “Election 2016: Even the Man behind Accurate Poll Surprised.” Los Angeles Times. November 10, B2.
- Lauter, David, and Decker, Cathleen. 2016. “Election 2016: Stunning Trump Win.” Los Angeles Times. November 9, 1.
- Len-Ríos, María 2010. “Image Repair Strategies, Local News Portrayals and Crisis Stage: A Case Study of Duke University’s Lacrosse Team Crisis.” International Journal of Strategic Communication 4:267–87.
- Leuchtenburg, William. 2015. The American President: From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Lippman, Walter. 1948. “Today and Tomorrow: The Victory of Roosevelt’s Party.” Washington Post. November 4, 17.
- Livingston, J. A. 1948. “Gallup, Roper Are human; They Erred, But Not Truman.” Washington Post. November 5, B3.
- Los Angeles Times. 1948a. “Election Still in Doubt.” November 3, 1.
- Los Angeles Times. 1948b. “Vote Peps up Surprised Democrats.” November 3, 3.
- Los Angeles Times. 1948c. “A Presidential Tug of War.” November 3, A4.
- Los Angeles Times. 1948d. “Truman’s Victory Grows after Tightest Contest in 32 years. November 4, 1.
- Los Angeles Times. 1948e. “Dr. Gallup and Other Pollsters Explain All.” November 4, 1.
- Los Angeles Times. 1948f. “Here’s the Answer.” November 4, A.
- Los Angeles Times. 1948g. “Changes Expected in Truman Cabinet.” November 4, 6.
- Los Angeles Times. 1948h. “President Truman the Victor.” November 4, A4.
- Los Angeles Times. 1948i. “Deluge of Selling Hits Share Market.” November 4, 23.
- Los Angeles Times. 1948j. “Pollster Right in One Thing.” November 4, 6.
- Los Angeles Times. 2016. “Market Roundup: Stocks Rise ahead of Election Results.” November 9. C4.
- Manly, C. 1948. “Red Amazed by Election.” Chicago Daily Tribune. November 4, 1.
- Mattioli, Dana, and Cimilluca, Dana. 2016. “Trump Victory Likely to Pose Temporary Hiccup to Merger Activity.” Wall Street Journal. November 9. https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-victory-likely-to-pose-temporary-hiccup-to-merger-activity-1478720388.
- Mazer, Joseph 2013. “From Apologia to Farewell: Dan Rather, CBS News, and Image Restoration Following the 60 Minutes “Memogate” Scandal”. Ohio Journal of Communication 51:168–85.
- McCullough, David. 1992. Truman. New York: Simon and Schuster.
- McGill, Ralph. 1948. “History Will Deal Kindly with Truman.” Atlanta Constitution. November 3, 10.
- Megerian, Chris. 2016a. “Election 2016: Other Winners, Losers in the Big Race.” Los Angeles Times. November 9, A6.
- Megerian, Chris. 2016b. “Election 2016: Disbelief Overtakes Clinton Party Venue.” Los Angeles Times. November 9, A14.
- Moffit, Mary Anne. 1994. “Collapsing and Integrating Concepts of ‘Public’ and ‘Image’ into a New Theory.” Public Relations Review 20:159–70.
- Morris, John D. 1948. “Key Post Changes Shakeup Congress.” New York Times. November 4, 6.
- Murrey, Marder. 1948. “An invitation to the president….” Washington Post. November 4, 1.
- New York Times. 1948a. “Bowles is Elected in Governor Race.” November 3, 1.
- New York Times. 1948b. “Wisconsin ‘Upset’ in Truman Victory.” November 3, 2.
- New York Times. 1948c. “Madrid is Surprised by Truman’s Victory.” November 4, 8.
- New York Times. 1948d. “The Nineteenth Man.” November 5, 24.
- New York Times. 2016. “50 GOP Officials Warn Trump Would Put Nation’s Security at Risk.” August 8. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/09/us/politics/national-security-gop-donald-trump.html.
- Payne, Gregory. 2010. “The Bradley Effect: Mediated Reality of Race and Politics in 2008 Presidential Election.” American Behavioral Scientist 54 (4):417–435.
- Pearson, Drew. 1948. “Line-up of the Dewey “Team.” Washington Post. November 3, B15.
- Perlberg, Steven 2016. “CMO Today: The Media World Reflect on Polling Misfire.” Wall Street Journal. November 10. https://www.wsj.com/articles/cmo-today-the-media-world-reflects-on-polling-misfire-1478781274.
- Peters, Jeremy. 2016. “How the 50 Million Early Voters may Shape the Election’s Outcome.” New York Times. November 9. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/us/politics/early-voting.html.
- Porter, Steven. 2016. “Donald Trump Vows in Victory Speech to ‘Seek Common Ground, Not Hostility.’” Christian Science Monitor. November 9. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2016/1109/Victory-speech-Donald-Trump-vows-to-seek-common-ground-not-hostility.
- Povich, Shelley. 1948. “This Morning.” Washington Post. November 3, 18.
- Price, Vincent. 1992. Public Opinion. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
- Ramakrishnan, Karthick. 2016. “Trump Got More Votes from People of Color than Romney Did.” Washington Post. November 11. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/11/11/trump-got-more-votes-from-people-of-color-than-romney-did-heres-the-data/?utm_term=.56f122475419.
- Reston, James. 1948a. “Truman Victory Is Found to Contain Four Elements.” New York Times. November 4, 8.
- Reston, James. 1948b. “Why Forecasts Erred.” New York Times. November 4, 28.
- Royster, Vermont. 1948. “Whither the G.O.P.?” Wall Street Journal. November 5, 4.
- Russolillo, Steven. 2016. “Donald Trump Is Actually Making Wall Street Strategists Look Smart.” Wall Street Journal. November 10. https://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trump-is-actually-making-wall-street-strategists-look-smart-1478808317.
- Rutenberg, Jim. 2016a. “News Media Again Misreads Complex Pulse of the Nation.” New York Times. November 9, 15.
- Rutenberg, Jim. 2016b. “News Outlets Wonder Where They Stumbled.” New York Times. November 10, A1.
- Sargent, Greg. 2016. “This Election Was a Cultural Civil War.” Washington Post. November 9. https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2016/11/09/this-election-was-a-cultural-civil-war-liberalism-lost-intolerance-won/?utm_term=.d0602cfd09e8.
- Schwartzman, Paul, and Brown, Emma. 2016. “Many Trek to the Polls, Despite Anguish over Bitter Campaign,” Washington Post. November 9, A43.
- Sides, John. 2016a. “A Comprehensive Average of Election Forecasts Points to a Decisive Clinton Victory.” Washington Post. November 8. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/11/08/a-comprehensive-average-of-election-forecasts-points-to-a-decisive-clinton-victory/?utm_term=.f622162e0f94.
- Sides, John. 2016b. “Five Key Lessons from Donald Trump’s Surprising Victory.” Washington Post. November 9. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/11/09/five-key-lessons-from-donald-trumps-surprising-victory/?utm_term=.d0f08912d779.
- Snell, David. 1948. “Dewey Shocked, Dazed at Defeat.” Atlanta Constitution. November 4, 16.
- Sturdy, Frank. 1948. “Upset Proves Inadequacy of Opinion Polls.” Chicago Daily Tribune. November 4, 18–19.
- Taranto, James. 2016. “Orange Crush.” Wall Street Journal. November 9. https://www.wsj.com/articles/orange-crush-1478719625.
- TheHill.com. 2016. “Final Newspaper Endorsement Count: Clinton 57, Trump 2,” TheHill.com, November 6. http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/304606-final-newspaper-endorsement-count-clinton-57-trump-2.
- Trainor, John. 1948. “Reflection Day.” Los Angeles Times. November 5, A4.
- Tumulty, Karen, Rucker, Phillip, and Gearon, Anne. 2016. “Razor-sharp Margin Hints at Voter Scorn for Status Quo.” Washington Post. November 9, A01.
- USA Today. 2016. Polltracker. https://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/2016/election/poll-tracker/.
- Wall Street Journal. 1948a. “The Election.” November 3, 4.
- Wall Street Journal. 1948b. “Business Bulletin.” November 4, 1.
- Wall Street Journal. 1948c. “The Morning after.” November 4, 1.
- Washington Post. 1948a. “Men of Straw.” November 5, 24.
- Washington Post. 1948b. “‘Voice’ Back-tracks to Explain Upset.” November 4, 5.
- Wemple, Erik. 2016. “Say It, Media: Donald Trump Was Right.” Washington Post. November 9. https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2016/11/09/say-it-media-donald-trump-was-right/?utm_term=1a9ed0794f3a
- Williams, Gladstone. 1948. “Washington Scene of Confusion.” Atlanta Constitution. November 4, 4.