255
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Minority communities, economic inequality, and police-military resource sharing in the United states

&
Pages 271-293 | Received 20 Dec 2021, Accepted 04 Aug 2022, Published online: 16 Aug 2022

References

  • Akers, R. L. (2000). Criminological theories: Introduction, evaluation, and application. Roxbury Publishing.]
  • Alpert, G. P. (1998). Helicopters in pursuit operations (Vol. 2). US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.
  • American Statistical Association. (2016). American statistical association releases statement on statistical significance and P-values: provides principles to improve the conduct and interpretation of quantitative science. ASA News. Downloaded 8/10/2022. https://www.amstat.org/asa/files/pdfs/P-ValueStatement.pdf
  • Balko, R. (2013). Rise of the warrior cop: The militarization of America’s police forces. Public Affairs.
  • Barkan, S. E. (1985). Protesters on trial: Criminal justice in the southern civil rights and Vietnam Antiwar movements. Rutgers University Press.
  • Blau, J. R., & Blau, P. M. (1982). The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime. American Sociological Review, 47(1), 114–129. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095046
  • Blecker, R. A. (2016). The US economy since the crisis: Slow recovery and secular stagnation. European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention, 13(2), 203–214. https://doi.org/10.4337/ejeep.2016.02.05
  • Bosman, J., & Apuzzo, M. (2014). In wake of clashes, calls to demilitarize police. New York Times.
  • Caswell, B. E. (2012). Obama by the numbers: A comparison with previous presidencies. In W. Crotty (Eds.), The Obama Presidency: Promise and Performance (pp. 45–69), Lexington Books.
  • Chambliss, W. J., & Seidman, R. B. (1980). Law, order, and power. Addison-Wesley.
  • Dansky, K. (2016). Local democratic oversight of police militarization. Harvard Law & Policy Review, 10, 59–75.
  • Dowell, J., S. C. (2017). Policing in America: How DOD helped undermine Posse Comitatus. Joint Force Quarterly, 85(2), 58–65.
  • Dukes, K. N., & Kahn, K. B. (2017). What social science research says about police violence against racial and ethnic minorities: Understanding the antecedents and consequences—An introduction. Journal of Social Issues, 73(4), 690–700. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12242
  • Feigenbaum, A., & Weissmann, D. (2016). Vulnerable warriors: The atmospheric marketing of military and policing equipment before and after 9/11. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 9(3), 482–498. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2016.1197642
  • Fligstein, N., Stuart Brundage, J., & Schultz, M. (2017). Seeing like the Fed: Culture, cognition, and framing in the failure to anticipate the financial crisis of 2008. American Sociological Review, 82(5), 879–909. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122417728240
  • Francis, J. N. P., & Mauser, G. A. (2011). Collateral damage: The ‘War on Drugs’, and the Latin America and Caribbean region: policy recommendations for the Obama administration. Policy Studies, 32(2), 159–177.
  • Goldstein, H. (1979). Improving policing: A problem-oriented approach. Crime & Delinquency, 25(2), 236–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/001112877902500207
  • Haynes Jr., J.B. & McQuoid, A.F. (2018). The thin blue line: Police militarization and violent crime. New York Economic Review, 49, 26–47.
  • Helms, R. (2008). Locally elected sheriffs and money compensation: A quantitative analysis of organizational and environmental contingency explanations. Criminal Justice Review, 33(1), 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016808315588
  • Helms, R., & Costanza, S. E. (2009). Race, politics, and drug law enforcement: An analysis of civil asset forfeiture patterns across US counties. Policing and Society, 19(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439460802457578
  • Helms, R. (2009). Modeling the politics of punishment: A conceptual and empirical analysis of ‘law in action’ in criminal sentencing. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(1), 10–20.
  • Helms, R., & Costanza, S. E. (2020). Contextualizing race: A conceptual and empirical study of fatal interactions with police across US counties. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 18(1), 43–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2019.1692748
  • Helms, R., & Gutierrez, R. S. (2007). Federal subsidies and evidence of progressive change: A quantitative assessment of the effects of targeted grants on manpower and innovation in large US police agencies. Police Quarterly, 10(1), 87–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611106296480
  • Helms, R., Gutierrez, R. S., & Reeves-Gutierrez, D. (2016). Jail mental health resourcing: A conceptual and empirical study of social determinants. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60(9), 1036–1063. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X15572864
  • Jackson, R. (2011). Culture, identity and hegemony: Continuity and (the lack of) change in US counterterrorism policy from Bush to Obama. International Politics, 48(2–3), 390–411. https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2011.5
  • Jackson, P. I., & Carroll, L. (1981). Race and the war on crime: The sociopolitical determinants of municipal police expenditures. American Sociological Review, 46(3), 290–305. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095061
  • Jacobs, D. (1979). Inequality and police strength: Conflict theory and coercive control in metropolitan areas. American Sociological Review, 44(6), 913–925. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094716
  • Jacobs, D., & Dirlam, J. C. (2016). Politics and economic stratification: Power resources and income inequality in the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 122(2), 469–500. 2016 https://doi.org/10.1086/687744
  • Jacobs, D., & Helms, R. E. (1997). Testing coercive explanations for order: The determinants of law enforcement strength over time. Social Forces, 75(4), 1361–1392. https://doi.org/10.2307/2580675
  • Jacobs, D., & O’Brien, R. M. (1998). The determinants of deadly force: A structural analysis of police violence. American Journal of Sociology, 103(4), 837–862. https://doi.org/10.1086/231291
  • Johnson, T. C., & Hunter, R. D. (2017). Changes in homeland security activities since 9/11: An examination of state and local law enforcement agencies’ practices. Police Practice and Research, 18(2), 160–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2016.1261253
  • Kappeler, V. E., & Kraska, P. B. (2015). Normalising police militarisation, living in denial. Policing and Society, 25(3), 268–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2013.864655
  • Kelling, G. L., & Wilson, J. Q. (1982). Broken windows. Atlantic Monthly, 249(3), 29–38.
  • Kraska, P. B. (2007). Militarization and policing—Its relevance to 21st century police. Policing, 1(4), 501–513.
  • Kraska, P. B., & Cubellis, L. J. (1997). Militarizing mayberry and beyond: Making sense of American paramilitary policing. Justice Quarterly, 14(4), 607–629.
  • Kraska, P. B., & Kappeler, V. E. (1997). Militarizing American police: The rise and normalization of paramilitary units. Social Problems, 44(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.2307/3096870
  • Lowery, W. (2016). They Can’t Kill Us All: Ferguson, Baltimore, and a New Era in America’s Racial Justice Movement. Little, Brown and Company.
  • Meeks, D. (2006). Police militarization in urban areas: The obscure war against the underclass. The Black Scholar, 35(4), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00064246.2006.11413331
  • Messner, S. F., & Rosenfeld, R. (2012). Crime and the American dream. Cengage Learning.
  • Parenti, C. (2000). Lockdown America: Police and prisons in the age of crisis. Verso.
  • Paul, J., & Birzer, M. L. (2004). Images of power: An analysis of the militarization of police uniforms and messages of service. Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology, 32(2), 121–128.
  • Peake, B. J. (2015). Militarization of school police: One route on the school-to-prison pipeline. Arkansas Law Review, 68, 195.
  • Saez, E., & Zucman, G. (2020). The rise of income and wealth inequality in America: Evidence from distributional macroeconomic accounts. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34(4), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.4.3
  • Sampson, R. J. (2009). Racial stratification and the durable tangle of neighborhood inequality. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 621(1), 260–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716208324803
  • Sommeiller, E., & Price, M. (2018). The new gilded age: Income inequality in the U.S. by state, metropolitan area, and county, Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved 7 July, 2022, from https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1409690/the-new-gilded-age/2023953/.
  • Turner, F. W., & Fox, B. H. (2019). Public servants or police soldiers? An analysis of opinions on the militarization of policing from police executives, law enforcement, and members of the 114th Congress US House of Representatives. Police Practice and Research, 20(2), 122–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2017.1371600
  • Wacquant, L. J. D., & Wilson, W. J. (1989). The cost of racial and class exclusion in the inner city. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 501(1), 8–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716289501001001
  • Wall, T. (2013). Unmanning the police manhunt: Vertical security as pacification. Socialist Studies/Études Socialistes, 9(2), 32–56. https://doi.org/10.18740/S4F591
  • Whitehead, J. (2020). This is a test: How will the constitution fare during a nationwide lockdown? Retrieved March 11, 2020, from https://www.zerohedge.com/geopolitical/test-how-will-constitution-fare-during-nationwide-lockdown.
  • Williams, H., & Murphy, P. V. (1990). The evolving strategy of police: A minority view. National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, and the Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
  • Wilson, W. J. (2011). When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor. Vintage.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.