Antagonistic effects of chloroquine on autophagy occurrence potentiate the anticancer effects of everolimus on renal cancer cells

References

• Vogelzang NJ, Stadler WM. Kidney cancer. Lancet 1998; 352 (9141): 1691-6; PMID:9853456; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)01041-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L. Epidemiologic aspects of renal cell cancer. Semin Oncol 2000; 27 (2): 115-23; PMID:10768591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindblad P. Epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma. Scand J Surg 2004; 93 (2): 88-96; PMID:15285559
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pischon T, Lahmann PH, Boeing H, Tjønneland A, Halkjaer J, Overvad K, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Linseisen J, Becker N, Trichopoulou A, et al. Body size and risk of renal cell carcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer 2006; 118 (3): 728-38; PMID:16094628; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.21398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linehan WM, Bates SE, Yanhg JC. Cancers of the genitourinary system. In Cancer Principles & Practice of Oncology 7th Edition. De Vita TV, Hellman S, Rosenberg AS Eds. 2005, Philadelphia: Lippincott & Williams,Chapter 30, 113-40.
   Google Scholar
• Coppin C, Porzsolt F, Awa A, Kumpf J, Coldman A, Wilt T. Immunotherapy for advanced renal cell cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 1:CD001425; PMID:15674877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chown WH, Devesa SS, Warren JL, Fraumeni JF Jr. Rising incidence of renal cell cancer in the United States. JAMA 1999; 281:1628–31; PMID:10235157; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.17.1628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacovelli R, Verzoni E, De Braud F, Procopio G. First line treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: two standards with different toxicity profile. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15(1): 19-21; PMID:24253418; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.27150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamed HA, Das SK, Sokhi UK, Park MA, Cruickshanks N, Archer K, Ogretmen B, Grant S, Sarkar D, Fisher PB, et al. Combining histone deacetylase inhibitors with MDA-7/IL-24 enhances killing of renal carcinoma cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14(11): 1039-49; PMID:24025359; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.26110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwala S S, Case S. Everolimus (RAD001) in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma: a review. Oncologist 2010; 15:236-45; PMID:20215359; http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yim KL. Everolimus and mTOR inhibition in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer Manage Res 2012; 4:207-14; PMID:22904642; http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S25979
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baselga J, Campone M, Piccart M, Burris HA 3rd, Rugo HS, Sahmoud T, Noguchi S, Gnant M, Pritchard KI, Lebrun F, et al. Everolimus in postmenopausal hormone-receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. New Engl J Med 2012; 366:520-9; PMID:22149876; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1109653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran MP. Everolimus: in patients with subependymal giant cell astrocytoma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. Pediat Drugs 2012; 14:51-60; PMID:22136276; http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11207730-000000000-00000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirzoeva OK, Hann B, Hom YK, Debnath J, Aftab D, Shokat K, Korn WM. Autophagy suppression promotes apoptotic cell death in response to inhibition of the PI3KmTOR pathway in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Mol Med 2011; 89:877-89; PMID:21678117; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00109-011-0774-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith CT, Schreiber SL. PIK-related kinases: DNA repair, recombination, and cell cycle checkpoints. Science 1995; 270:50-1; PMID:7569949; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5233.50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmelzle T, Hall MN. mTOR, a central controller of cell growth. Cell 2000; 103:253-62; PMID:11057898; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00117-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjornsti MA, Houghton PJ. The mTOR pathway: a target for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4:335-48; PMID:15122205; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc1362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Hu QD, Xia XF, Liang C, Liu H, Zhang Q, Ma T, Liang F, Liang TB.. Rapamycin enhances cetuximab cytotoxicity by inhibiting mTOR-mediated drug resistance in mesenchymal hepatoma cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15(8): 992-9; PMID:24800850; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.29113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossia M, Di Martino MT, Morellia E, Leotta M, Rizzo A, Grimaldi A, Misso G, Tassone P, Caraglia M. Molecular targets for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2012; 12:757-67; PMID:22671925; http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156800912802429300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okabe S, Tauchi T, Tanaka Y, Kitahara T, Kimura S, Maekawa T, Ohyashiki K. Efficacy of the dual PI3K and mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 in combination with nilotinib against BCR-ABL-positive leukemia cells involves the ABL kinase domain mutation. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15(2): 207-15; PMID:24100660; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.26725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Z, Klionsky DJ. Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 22:124-31; PMID:20034776; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degtyarev M, De Mazière A, Orr C, Lin J, Lee BB, Tien JY, Prior WW, van Dijk S, Wu H, Gray DC, et al. Akt inhibition promotes autophagy and sensitizes PTEN-null tumors to lysosomotropic agents. J Cell Biol 2008; 183:101-16; PMID:18838554; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200801099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan QW, Cheng C, Hackett C, Feldman M, ,Houseman BT, Nicolaides T, Haas-Kogan D, James CD, Oakes SA, Debnath J, et al. Akt and autophagy cooperate to promote survival of drug resistant glioma. Sci Signal 2010; 3 (147): ra81; PMID:21062993; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2001017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu CX, Zhao L, Yue P, Fang G, Tao H, Owonikoko TK, Ramalingam SS, Khuri FR, Sun SY. Augmentation of NVP-BEZ235's anticancer activity against human lung cancer cells by blockage of autophagy. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 12:549-55; PMID:21738008; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.12.6.16397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergamini E, Cavallini G, Donati A, Gori Z. The anti-ageing effects of caloric restriction may involve stimulation of macroautophagy and lysosomal degradation, and can be intensified pharmacologically. Biomed Pharmacother 2003; 57:203-8; PMID:12888255; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0753-3322(03)00048-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijer AJ, Codogno P. Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:2445-62; PMID:15325584; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizushima N. Methods for monitoring autophagy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:2491-502; PMID:15325587; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon VR, Lee H. Chloroquine and its analogs: a new promise of an old drug for effective and safe cancer therapies. Eur J Pharmaco 2009; 625:220-33; PMID:19836374; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki K, Tsuno NH, Sunami E, Tsurita G, Kawai K, Okaji Y, Nishikawa T, Shuno Y, Hongo K, Hiyoshi M, et al. Chloroquine potentiates the anti-cancer effect of 5-fluorouracil on colon cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:370; PMID:20630104; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-10-370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattingre S, Levine B. Bcl-2 inhibition of autophagy: a new route to cancer? Cancer Res 2006; 66:2885-8; PMID:16540632; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolewski P. Recent developments in targeting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase pathway. Anticancer Drugs 2006; 17:487-94; PMID:16702804; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001813-200606000-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Aziz AK, Shouman S, El-Demerdash E, Elgendy M, Abdel-Naim AB. Chloroquine synergizes sunitinib cytotoxicity via modulating autophagic, apoptotic and angiogenic machineries. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 217:28-40; PMID:24751611; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2014.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faggiano A, Ramundo V, Dicitore A, Castiglioni S, Borghi MO, Severino R, Ferolla P, Crinò L, Abbruzzese A, Sperlongano P, et al. Everolimus is an active agent in medullary thyroid cancer: a clinical and in vitro study. J Cell Mol Med 2012 Jul; 16(7):1563-72; PMID:21883896; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01438.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi M, Munarriz ER, Bartesaghi S, Milanese M, Dinsdale D, Guerra-Martin MA, Bampton ET, Glynn P, Bonanno G, Knight RA, et al. Desmethylclomipramine induces the accumulation of autophagy markers by blocking autophagic flux. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:3330-9; PMID:19706685; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.048181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura T, Takabatake Y, Takahashi A, Isaka Y. Chloroquine in cancer therapy: a double-edged sword of autophagy. Cancer Res 2013; 73(1): 3-7; PMID:23288916; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-2464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar