347
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Environmental justice and ecological civilization in the Pearl River Delta, China

ORCID Icon, , &
Received 06 May 2021, Accepted 29 May 2023, Published online: 01 Jun 2023

References

  • Agyeman, J., R. D. Bullard, and B. Evans. 2002. “Exploring the Nexus: Bringing Together Sustainability, Environmental Justice and Equity.” Space and Polity 6 (1): 77–90. doi:10.1080/13562570220137907.
  • Balme, R. 2014. “Mobilising for Environmental Justice in China.” Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration 36 (3): 173–184. doi:10.1080/23276665.2014.942066.
  • Barry, B. M. 1995. Justice as Impartiality. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Bulkeley, H., and M. Betsill. 2005. “Rethinking Sustainable Cities: Multilevel Governance and The’urban’politics of Climate Change.” Environmental Politics 14 (1): 42–63. doi:10.1080/0964401042000310178.
  • Carruthers, D. V. 2008. “The Globalization of Environmental Justice: Lessons from the Us-Mexico Border.” Environmental Politics 16 (3): 394–413. doi:10.1080/09644010701251649.
  • Castree, N. 2008. “Neoliberalising Nature: The Logics of Deregulation and Reregulation.” Environment & Planning A 40 (1): 131–152. doi:10.1068/a3999.
  • The Central Government of China. 2017. “Building a Beautiful China and Striving for a New Era of Ecological Civilization - Study the Excerpts of Xi Jinping’s Discourse on Socialist Ecological Civilization Construction (建设美丽中国,努力走向生态文明新时代——学习《习近平关于社会主义生态文明建设论述摘编》).” Accessed 17 March 2022. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-09/30/content_5228710.htm.
  • The Central People’s Government. 2015. “Central Committee of the Communist Party of China State Council on Speeding Up the Construction of Ecological Civilization (中共中央 国务院关于加快推进生态文明建设的意见).” Accessed 8 March 2020. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-05/05/content_2857363.htm
  • The Central People’s Government. 2018. “Xi Jinping Attended the National Conference on Ecological Protection and Delivered an Important Speech (习近平出席全国生态环境保护大会并发表重要讲话).” Accessed 16 April 2023. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2018-05/19/content_5292116.htm
  • The Central People’s Government. 2020. “General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China General Office of the State Council Issued the Shenzhen Comprehensive Reform Pilot Implementation Plan for Building a Pilot Demonstration Zone of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (2020-2025) (中共中央办公厅 国务院办公厅印发《深圳建设中国特色社会主义先行示范区综合改革试点实施方案(2020-2025年)》).” Accessed 10 April 2021. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-10/11/content_5550408.htm
  • Ceramics China. 2014. “Zhaoqing Production Areas’ Environmental Dilemma (肇庆产区的“环保迷途”)”. Accessed 27 March 2023. https://m.ceramicschina.com/PG_ViewNews_61832.html.
  • Chen, J. C. 2017. “Social-Environmental Dilemmas of Planning an ‘Ecological Civilisation’ in China.” In The Routledge Companion to Planning in the Global South, edited by Bhan Gautam, Srinivas Smita, and Watson Vanessa, 180–191. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781317392842-15.
  • China, Daily. 2015. “Shenzhen Dismantled the Second Line of the Pass to Build a Greenway, the Original Housing Prices May Soar as a Result (深圳拆除二线关口建设绿道 原关外房价或因此飙升).” Accessed 4 April 2021. http://cnews.chinadaily.com.cn/2015-06/08/content_20936299_3.htm
  • Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party. 2020. “Proposal on the Use of Emissions Trading to Help Ecological and Environmental Management (关于运用排污权交易 助力生态环境治理的提案).” Accessed 3 April 2021. https://www.baidu.com/link?url=MdqQTlGAtQFbBE3HCutlK4QO6XsQs0XoKh70zq1SkeF4OdIPsP0uEjnqo8WTVVNPgZVpeCSDv87SNh-xpMtJdMcCmSJuBbvWvSo_XkVkkFC&wd=&eqid=e2f39566000191c90000000660683283
  • Chung, C. K. L., and J. Xu. 2021. “Scalar Politics of Urban Sustainability: Governing the Chinese City in the Era of Ecological Civilisation.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 46 (3): 689–703. doi:10.1111/tran.12436.
  • Chung, C. K. L., F. Zhang, and F. Wu. 2018. “Negotiating Green Space with Landed Interests: The Urban Political Ecology of Greenway in the Pearl River Delta, China.” Antipode 50 (4): 891–909. doi:10.1111/anti.12384.
  • Cox, K. R. 1993. “The Local and the Global in the New Urban Politics: A Critical View.” Environment & Planning D 11 (4): 433–448. doi:10.1068/d110433.
  • Darimont, B. 2023. Economic Policy of the People’s Republic of China. Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-38467-8.
  • De Jong, M. 2019. “From Eco-Civilization to City Branding: A Neo-Marxist Perspective of Sustainable Urbanization in China.” Sustainability 11 (20): 5608. doi:10.3390/su11205608.
  • Department of Ecology and Environment of Guangdong Province. 2014. “Notice on the Issuance of Guangdong Province, the Use of Emission Rights for a Fee and the Pilot Trading Management Approach (关于印发广东省排污权有偿使用和交易试点管理办法的通知).” Accessed 3 March 2021. http://gdee.gd.gov.cn/hbwj/content/post_2335023.html
  • Department of Ecology and Environment of Guangdong Province. 2016. “Guangdong Environmental Protection Department on the Results of the 2016 Annual Assessment of the Province’s Environmental Protection Responsibilities (广东省环境保护厅关于2016年度全省环境保护责任考核结果的通报).” Accessed 18 September 2020. http://gdee.gd.gov.cn/zrkh/content/post_2334260.html
  • Department of Ecology and Environment of Guangdong Province. 2021a. “Opinions on the Implementation of the Pilot Work of Paid Use and Trading of Emission Rights in Our Province (关于在我省开展排污权有偿使用和交易试点工作的实施意见).” Accessed 27 March 2023. http://gdee.gd.gov.cn/hbwj/content/post_2335011.html.
  • Department of Ecology and Environment of Guangdong Province. 2021b. “Regulations on Discharge Permit Administration (排污许可管理条例).” Accessed28 March. http://gdee.gd.gov.cn/fagui/content/post_3230284.html.
  • Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of Guangdong Province. 2019. “Letter from the Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of Guangdong Province on the Response to the Proposal No. 1540 of the Second Session of the 13th National People’s Congress of Guangdong Province (广东省住房和城乡建设厅关于广东省十三届人大二次会议第1540号代表建议答复的函).” Accessed 6 October 2022.
  • Department of Natural Resources of Guangdong Province. 2022. “Announcement of the Department of Natural Resources of Guangdong Province on the Public Consultation of the Ecological Restoration Plan for Guangdong’s National Land Space (2021-2035) (广东省自然资源厅关于公开征求《广东省国土空间生态修复规划(2021-2035年)》意见的公告).” Accessed 26 April 2022. http://nr.gd.gov.cn/hdjlpt/yjzj/answer/16883
  • Dongguan Municipal Government. 2012. “Ecological Industrial Park Today, a Preview of Dongguan’s Future Development (生态产业园的今天,当预演东莞发展的未来).” Accessed 26 March 2023. http://www.dg.gov.cn/zwgk/jdhy/zcjd/szfjqbm/content/post_299778.html.
  • Eaton, S., and G. Kostka. 2017. “Central Protectionism in China: The “Central Soe Problem” in Environmental Governance.” The China Quarterly 231: 685–704. doi:10.1017/S0305741017000881.
  • Forsyth, T. 2008. “Political Ecology and the Epistemology of Social Justice.” Geoforum 39 (2): 756–764. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.12.005.
  • Fraser, N. 2000. “Rethinking Recognition.” New Left Review 3 (3): 107.
  • Gare, A. 2012. “China and the Struggle for Ecological Civilization.” Capitalism Nature Socialism 23 (4): 10–26. doi:10.1080/10455752.2012.722306.
  • Geall, S., and A. Ely. 2018. “Narratives and Pathways Towards an Ecological Civilization in Contemporary China.” The China Quarterly 236: 1175–1196. doi:10.1017/S0305741018001315.
  • Goron, C. 2018. “Ecological Civilisation and the Political Limits of a Chinese Concept of Sustainability.” China Perspectives 4 (115): 39–52. doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.8463.
  • Guangdong Provincial Development and Reform Commission. 2017. “Guangdong Provincial Development and Reform Commission Guangdong Provincial Economic and Information Commission Guangdong Provincial Environmental Protection Department Guangdong Provincial Bureau of Statistics on the Adjustment of the Pearl River Delta Region Coal Consumption Reduction Control Target Notice (广东省发展改革委 广东省经济和信息化委 广东省环境保护厅 广东省统计局关于调整珠三角地区煤炭消费减量控制目标的通知).” Accessed 4 April 2021. http://drc.gd.gov.cn/ywtz/content/post_833440.html
  • Guangzhou Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment. 2022. “Guangzhou Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center Station in Guangdong Province Launched the I Speak for the Masses Monitoring - the Province’s Environmental Monitoring Facilities Focus on the Public Open Day Activities (广东省广州生态环境监测中心站开展 “我为群众讲监测•全省环境监测设施集中向公众开放日”活动)” . Accessed 6 October 2022. http://sthjj.gz.gov.cn/gkmlpt/content/8/8322/mpost_8322020.html#644
  • Hansen, M. H., H. Li, and R. Svarverud. 2018. “Ecological Civilization: Interpreting the Chinese Past, Projecting the Global Future.” Global Environmental Change 53: 195–203. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.09.014.
  • Hansen, M. H., and Z. Liu. 2018. “Air Pollution and Grassroots Echoes of “Ecological civilization” in Rural China.” The China Quarterly 234: 320–339. doi:10.1017/S0305741017001394.
  • Harlan, T. 2020. “Green Development or Greenwashing? A Political Ecology Perspective on China’s Green Belt and Road.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 62 (2): 202–226. doi:10.1080/15387216.2020.1795700.
  • Harvey, D. 1996. Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Haughton, G. 1999. “Environmental Justice and the Sustainable City.” Journal of Planning Education & Research 18 (3): 233–243. doi:10.1177/0739456X9901800305.
  • Heynen, N. C. 2003. “The Scalar Production of Injustice within the Urban Forest.” Antipode 35 (5): 980–998. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2003.00367.x.
  • Heynen, N., H. A. Perkins, and R. Roy. 2006. “The Political Ecology of Uneven Urban Green Space: The Impact of Political Economy on Race and Ethnicity in Producing Environmental Inequality in Milwaukee.” Urban Affairs Review 42 (1): 3–25. doi:10.1177/1078087406290729.
  • Holbig, H., and B. Gilley. 2010. “Reclaiming Legitimacy in China.” Politics & Policy 38 (3): 395–422. doi:10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00241.x.
  • Holifield, R. 2001. “Defining Environmental Justice and Environmental Racism.” Urban Geography 22 (1): 78–90. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.22.1.78.
  • Huang, Y., and F. Guo. 2017. “Welfare Programme Participation and the Wellbeing of Non-Local Rural Migrants in Metropolitan China: A Social Exclusion Perspective.” Social Indicators Research 132 (1): 63–85. doi:10.1007/s11205-016-1329-y.
  • Hubbert, J. 2015. “We’re Not That Kind of Developing Country: Environmental Awareness in Contemporary China.” In Sustainability in the Global City Myth and Practice, edited by Gary McDonogh and Melissa Checker, 29–53. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hughey, M. S., K. M. Walsemann, S. Child, A. Powers, J. A. Reed, and A. T. Kaczynski. 2016. “Using an Environmental Justice Approach to Examine the Relationships Between Park Availability and Quality Indicators, Neighborhood Disadvantage, and Racial/Ethnic Composition.” Landscape and Urban Planning 148: 159–169. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.12.016.
  • Huizhou Development and Reform Bureau. 2023. “In Recent Three Years, Nearly 80% of the Newly Increased Construction Land in Huizhou is Used for Industrial Projects (惠州近三年新增建设用地近八成用于产业项目).” Accessed 26 March 2023. http://jhj.huizhou.gov.cn/zwgk/gzdt/content/post_4928708.html.
  • Jiang, M. 2018. Towards Tradable Water Rights. New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67087-4.
  • Kostka, G. 2014. Barriers to the Implementation of Environmental Policies at the Local Level in China. The World Bank. doi:10.1596/1813-9450-7016.
  • Kostka, G., and W. Hobbs. 2013. “Embedded Interests and the Managerial Local State: The Political Economy of Methanol Fuel-Switching in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 22 (80): 204–218. doi:10.1080/10670564.2012.734078.
  • Kostka, G., and A. P. Mol. 2013. “Implementation and Participation in China’s Local Environmental Politics: Challenges and Innovations.” Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 15 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1080/1523908X.2013.763629.
  • Kurtz, H. E. 2003. “Scale Frames and Counter-Scale Frames: Constructing the Problem of Environmental Injustice.” Political Geography 22 (8): 887–916. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2003.09.001.
  • Li, C., M. K. Ng, Y. Tang, and T. Fung. 2021. “From a ‘World Factory’to China’s Bay Area: A Review of the Outline of the Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.” Planning Theory & Practice 1–5. doi:10.1080/14649357.2021.2020033.
  • Liu, Z., Y. Lin, B. De Meulder, and S. WANG. 2020. “Heterogeneous Landscapes of Urban Greenways in Shenzhen: Traffic Impact, Corridor Width and Land Use.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 55: 126785. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126785.
  • Li, C., M. Wang, and Y. Song. 2018. “Vulnerability and Livelihood Restoration of Landless Households After Land Acquisition: Evidence from Peri-Urban China.” Habitat International 79: 109–115. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.08.003.
  • Lo, K. 2020. “Ecological Civilization, Authoritarian Environmentalism, and the Eco-Politics of Extractive Governance in China.” The Extractive Industries and Society 7 (3): 1029–1035. doi:10.1016/j.exis.2020.06.017.
  • Lord, E. 2018. “Building an Ecological Civilization across the Rural/Urban Divide and the Politics of Environmental Knowledge Production in Contemporary China.” PhD diss., University of Toronto.
  • Ma, X. 2019. “Ethnic Minority Empowerment and Marginalization: Yi Labour Migrants Outside China’s Autonomous Regions.” China Information 33 (2): 146–164. doi:10.1177/0920203X18800192.
  • Mansfield, B. 2005. “Beyond Rescaling: Reintegrating the National’ as a Dimension of Scalar Relations.” Progress in Human Geography 29 (4): 458–473. doi:10.1191/0309132505ph560oa.
  • Martin, A., N. Gross-Camp, B. Kebede, S. McGuire, and J. Munyarukaza. 2014. “Whose Environmental Justice? Exploring Local and Global Perspectives in a Payments for Ecosystem Services Scheme in Rwanda.” Geoforum 54: 167–177. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.02.006.
  • Ministry of Commerce. 2008. ““Double Transfer to Promote the Continuous Optimization of Shenzhen’s Industrial Structure (“双转移”推动深圳产业结构不断优化)”. Accessed 19 August 2020. http://sztb.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/shangwxw/200812/20081205970526.html
  • Ministry of Ecology and Environment. 2018. ““Environmental Impact Assessment Public Participation Approach (环境影响评价公众参与办法).” Accessed 13 October 2022. https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk02/201808/t20180803_629536.html
  • Ministry of Ecology and Environment. 2022. “Notice on the Official Launch of the Small Program for Opening Environmental Protection Facilities to the Public (关于环保设施向公众开放小程序正式上线的通知)” Accessed 5 April 2021. http://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/202203/t20220311_971234.html
  • Ministry of Natural Resources. 2021. “Code of Practice for City Examination and Evaluation in Spatial Planning (国土空间规划城市体检评估规程).” Accessed 25 April 2022. https://yhp-website.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/upload/%E3%80%8A%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E4%BD%93%E6%A3%80%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0%E8%A7%84%E7%A8%8B%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E6%8A%A5%E6%89%B9%E7%A8%BF%EF%BC%89_1625104093608.pdf
  • Netease. 2022. “Guangzhou City Medical Examination Forms Unique Assessment Mechanism (广州城市体检形成独特评估机制).” Accessed 6 October 2022. https://www.163.com/dy/article/H4R6239105119U5H.html
  • Ng, M. K. 2019. “Governing Green Urbanism: The Case of Shenzhen, China.” Journal of Urban Affairs 41 (1): 64–82. doi:10.1080/07352166.2016.1271623.
  • O’Brien, K. J., and Y. Deng. 2015. “The Reach of the State: Work Units, Family Ties and “Harmonious Demolition.” The China Journal 74: 1–17. doi:10.1086/681660.
  • Pellow, D. N. 2016. “Toward a Critical Environmental Justice Studies: Black Lives Matter as an Environmental Justice Challenge.” Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 13 (2): 221–236. doi:10.1017/S1742058X1600014X.
  • Pellow, D. N. 2017. What is Critical Environmental Justice?. Hoboken: Wiley. doi:10.1017/9781316418369.020.
  • Pellow, D. N., and R. J. Brulle. 2005. Power, Justice, and the Environment. Cambridge: The Mit Press.
  • People. 2016. “Why the Red Line Can’t Hold Tanglang Mountain (红线为何守不住塘朗山).” Accessed 13 January 2021. http://env.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0215/c1010-28123681.html
  • People’s Government of Guangdong Province. 2013. “Guangdong Province Greenway Construction Management Regulations (广东省绿道建设管理规定).” Accessed 21 August 2020. http://www.gd.gov.cn/gkmlpt/content/0/142/post_142307.html?jump=false#6
  • People’s Government of Guangdong Province. 2017. “Guangdong Province Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction 13th Five-Year Plan (广东省节能减排“十三五”规划)”. Accessed 26 March 2023. http://drc.gd.gov.cn/gdsnyj/gkmlpt/content/3/3737/post_3737022.html#4202
  • People’s Government of Guangdong Province. 2022. “Zhuhai City (珠海市).” Accessed 11 October 2022. http://www.gd.gov.cn/zjgd/csmp/content/post_104992.html
  • Ranganathan, M., and C. Balazs. 2015. “Water Marginalization at the Urban Fringe: Environmental Justice and Urban Political Ecology Across the North–South Divide.” Urban Geography 36 (3): 403–423. doi:10.1080/02723638.2015.1005414.
  • Rawls, J. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Oxford: Clarendon Press. doi:10.4159/9780674042605.
  • Rutt, R. L., and N. M. Gulsrud. 2016. “Green Justice in the City: A New Agenda for Urban Green Space Research in Europe.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 19: 123–127. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2016.07.004.
  • Schlosberg, D. 2004. “Reconceiving Environmental Justice: Global Movements and Political Theories.” Environmental Politics 13 (3): 517–540. doi:10.1080/0964401042000229025.
  • Schlosberg, D. 2009. Defining Environmental Justice: Theories, Movements, and Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Schmitt, E. A. 2018. “Living in an Ecological Civilization: Ideological Interpretations of an Authoritarian Mode of Sustainability in China.” CADAAD Journal 10 (2): 69–91.
  • Schroeder, R., K. St. Martin, B. Wilson, and D. Sen. 2008. “Third World Environmental Justice.” Society & Natural Resources 21 (7): 547–555. doi:10.1080/08941920802100721.
  • Scott, D., and C. Oelofse. 2005. “Social and Environmental Justice in South African Cities: Including ‘Invisible stakeholders’ in Environmental Assessment Procedures.” Journal Of 48 (3): 445–467. doi:10.1080/09640560500067582.
  • Shenzhen Municipal Bureau of Statistics. 2020. “Shenzhen 2019 National Economic and Social Development Statistical Report (深圳市2019年国民经济和社会发展统计公报).” Accessed 10 April 2021. http://tjj.sz.gov.cn/szstjjwzgkml/szstjjwzgkml/sjfb/tjgb/content/post_7294649.html
  • Shenzhen Municipal Government. 2018. “Notice of Shenzhen Municipal People’s Government on the Issuance of Shenzhen Sustainable Development Plan (2017-2030) and Related Programs (深圳市人民政府关于印发深圳市可持续发展规划(2017—2030年)及相关方案的通知).” Accessed 19 August 2020. http://www.sz.gov.cn/zfgb/2018/gb1052/content/mpost_5018701.html
  • Smart, A., and G. C. Lin. 2007. “Local Capitalisms, Local Citizenship and Translocality: Rescaling from Below in the Pearl River Delta Region, China.” International Journal of Urban & Regional Research 31 (2): 280–302. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00732.x.
  • Sohu. 2018. “Zhaoqing Ceramics of Life and Death Test (肇庆陶瓷的生死大考).” Accessed 3 April 2021. https://www.sohu.com/a/236356703_158816
  • Sohu. 2022. “I Can Do It - Public Open Day of Foshan Chancheng Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Station (小手拉大手 监测我能行——佛山市禅城生态环境监测站公众开放日活动).” Accessed 6 October 2022. http://news.sohu.com/a/586288971_120645313
  • The State Council. 2015. “The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the State Council Issued the General Plan for the Reform of the Ecological Civilization System (中共中央 国务院印发《生态文明体制改革总体方案》).” Accessed 17 March 2023. http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2015-09/21/content_2936327.htm?gs_ws=tsina_635786872212594804.
  • Svarstad, H., and T. A. Benjaminsen. 2020. “Reading Radical Environmental Justice Through a Political Ecology Lens.” Geoforum 108: 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.11.007.
  • Swyngedouw, E., and N. C. Heynen. 2003. “Urban Political Ecology, Justice and the Politics of Scale.” Antipode 35 (5): 898–918. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2003.00364.x.
  • Taylor, D. E. 1997. “American Environmentalism: The Role of Race, Class and Gender in Shaping Activism 1820-1995.” Race, Gender & Class 5: 16–62.
  • TCL. 2020. “Huizhou TCL Environmental Technology Co., Ltd. Industrial Hazardous Waste Comprehensive Treatment and Expansion Project Environmental Impact Report Pre-Approval Public Notice (惠州TCL环境科技有限公司工业危险废物综合处理改扩建项目环境影响报告书报批前公示).” Accessed 13 October 2022. http://es-hz.tcl.com/Article76/231.html
  • TCL. 2022. “Huizhou TCL Environmental Technology Co., Ltd. Industrial Hazardous Waste Comprehensive Utilization Optimization Adjustment Project Environmental Impact Public Participation First Public Notice (惠州TCL环境科技有限公司工业危险废物综合利用优化调整项目 环境影响公众参与第一次公示).” Accessed 13 October 2022. http://es-hz.tcl.com/Article76/255.html
  • Teets, J. C. 2013. “Let Many Civil Societies Bloom: The Rise of Consultative Authoritarianism in China.” The China Quarterly 213: 19–38. doi:10.1017/S0305741012001269.
  • Towers, G. 2000. “Applying the Political Geography of Scale: Grassroots Strategies and Environmental Justice.” The Professional Geographer 52 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1111/0033-0124.00202.
  • Tracy, Elena F., E. Shvarts, E. Simonov, and M. Babenko. 2017. “China’s New Eurasian Ambitions: The Environmental Risks of the Silk Road Economic Belt.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 58 (1): 56–88. doi:10.1080/15387216.2017.1295876.
  • Urkidi, L., and M. Walter. 2011. “Dimensions of Environmental Justice in Anti-Gold Mining Movements in Latin America.” Geoforum 42 (6): 683–695. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.06.003.
  • Van Rooij, B. 2006. “Implementation of Chinese Environmental Law: Regular Enforcement and Political Campaigns.” Development & Change 37 (1): 57–74. doi:10.1111/j.0012-155X.2006.00469.x.
  • Van Rooij, B., R. E. Stern, and K. Fürst. 2016. “The Authoritarian Logic of Regulatory Pluralism: Understanding China’s New Environmental Actors.” Regulation & Governance 10 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1111/rego.12074.
  • Van Rooij, B., Q. Zhu, L. Na, and Q. Wang. 2017. “Centralizing Trends and Pollution Law Enforcement in China.” The China Quarterly 231: 583–606. doi:10.1017/S0305741017000935.
  • Walker, G. 2009. “Beyond Distribution and Proximity: Exploring the Multiple Spatialities of Environmental Justice.” Antipode 41 (4): 614–636. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2009.00691.x.
  • Walker, G. 2012. Environmental Justice: Concepts, Evidence and Politics. London: Routledge.
  • Walker, G. P., and H. Bulkeley. 2006. “Geographies of Environmental Justice.” Geoforum 37 (5): 655–659. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2005.12.002.
  • Wang, A. L. 2018. “Symbolic Legitimacy and Chinese Environmental Reform.” Environmental Law 48: 699–760.
  • Wang, C., C. Li, M. Wang, S. Yang, and L. Wang. 2021. “Environmental Justice and Park Accessibility in Urban China: Evidence from Shanghai.” Asia Pacific Viewpoint 63 (2): 236–249. doi:10.1111/apv.12314.
  • Wang, X., F. Yan, and F. Su. 2020. “Impacts of Urbanization on the Ecosystem Services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China.” Remote Sensing 12 (3269): 3269. doi:10.3390/rs12193269.
  • While, A., A. E. Jonas, and D. Gibbs. 2010. “From Sustainable Development to Carbon Control: Eco‐State Restructuring and the Politics of Urban and Regional Development.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 35 (1): 76–93. doi:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2009.00362.x.
  • Williams, G., and E. Mawdsley. 2006. “Postcolonial Environmental Justice: Government and Governance in India.” Geoforum 37 (5): 660–670. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2005.08.003.
  • Wolch, J. R., J. Byrne, and J. P. Newell. 2014. “Urban Green Space, Public Health, and Environmental Justice: The Challenge of Making Cities ‘Just Green Enough’.” Landscape and Urban Planning 125: 234–244. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017.
  • Wu, F. 2020. “Adding New Narratives to the Urban Imagination: An Introduction to ‘New Directions of Urban Studies in China’.” Urban Studies 57 (3): 459–472. doi:10.1177/0042098019898137.
  • Wu, Z., Z. Li, and H. Zeng. 2020. “Using Remote Sensing Data to Study the Coupling Relationship Between Urbanization and Eco-Environment Change: A Case Study in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.” Sustainability 12 (19): 7875. doi:10.3390/su12197875.
  • Wu, M., J. Wu, and C. Zang. 2021. “A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Eco-Carrying Capacity and Green Economy in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China.” Journal of Cleaner Production 281: 124945. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124945.
  • Xie, L. 2015. “Political Participation and Environmental Movements in China.” In The International Handbook of Political Ecology, edited by L Bryan Raymond, 246–259. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. doi:10.4337/9780857936172.00026.
  • Xu, Y., F. Caprotti, W. Zhang, and M. Pan. 2022. “The Socioenvironmental State and Urban Transitions: Eco-Urbanism in China and the UK.” Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 251484862211328. Advanced online publication. doi:10.1177/25148486221132835.
  • Xu, J., and A. G. Yeh. 2012. “Re-Building Regulation and Re-Inventing Governance in the Pearl River Delta, China.” Urban Policy & Research 30 (4): 385–401. doi:10.1080/08111146.2012.744717.
  • Yeh, E. T. 2009. “Greening Western China: A Critical View.” Geoforum 40 (5): 884–894. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.06.004.
  • Yeh, E. T. 2015. “Political Ecology in and of China.” In The International Handbook of Political Ecology, edited by L Bryan Raymond, 619–632. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. doi:10.4337/9780857936172.00055.
  • Young, I. M. 2011. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Zhang, Q. 2018. “Managing Sandstorms Through Resettling Pastoralists in China: How Multiple Forms of Power Govern the Environment At/Across Scales.” Journal of Political Ecology 25 (1): 364–380. doi:10.2458/v25i1.23045.
  • Zhang, X. 2017. “Implementation of Pollution Control Targets in China: Has a Centralized Enforcement Approach Worked?” The China Quarterly 231: 749–774. doi:10.1017/S0305741017000959.
  • Zhang, X., Q. Guo, D. M. Cheung, and T. Zhang. 2018. “Evaluating the Institutional Performance of the Pearl River Delta Integration Policy Through Intercity Cooperation Network Analysis.” Cities 81: 131–144. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2018.04.002.
  • Zhang, W., J. Wang, Y. Xu, C. Wang, and D. G. Streets. 2022. “Analyzing the Spatio-Temporal Variation of the CO2 Emissions from District Heating Systems with “Coal-To-Gas” Transition: Evidence from GTWR Model and Satellite Data in China.” The Science of the Total Environment 803: 150083.
  • Zhang, K., W. L. Wei, and E. Y. Zeng. 2013. “A Review of Environmental and Human Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Pearl River Delta, South China.” The Science of the Total Environment 463-464: 1093–1110. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.104.
  • Zhaoqing Municipal Government. 2017. “Zhaoqing Investigated and Dealt with 17 Cases of Environmental Violations in Ceramic Enterprises This Year (肇庆今年查处17宗陶瓷企业环保违法案件).” Accessed 4 April 2021. http://www.zhaoqing.gov.cn/xwzx/ztzj/gdshjbhdczqzt/dcgzdt/content/post_1019510.html
  • Zhaoqing Municipal Government. 2019. “Notice on the Implementation Plan of Zhaoqing Guiding and Supporting Transformation and Upgrading of Ceramic Enterprises (关于印发肇庆市引导和扶持陶瓷企业转型升级工作实施方案的通知).” Accessed 3 April 2021. http://www.zhaoqing.gov.cn/gkmlpt/content/1/1228/post_1228774.html.
  • Zhongshan Municipal Bureau of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. 2021. “Announcement on the Social Satisfaction Survey of Zhongshan City Health Check in 2021 (关于开展中山市2021年城市体检社会满意度调查工作的公告).” Accessed 6 October 2022. http://jsj.zs.gov.cn/gkmlpt/conteRnt/2/2035/post_2035103.html#3230
  • Zhou, Qiang. 2014. “Shenzhen Community of Tens of Thousands of People Suffered Cross-Border Pollution, Residents Said They Were Woken Up in the Middle of the Night by the Stench (深圳数万人社区遭遇跨界污染 居民称半夜被臭醒).” People, July 28. Accessed 11 April 2021. http://env.people.com.cn/n/2014/0728/c1010-25351803.html
  • Zhou, W., and R. Mu. 2019. “Exploring Coordinative Mechanisms for Environmental Governance in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: An Ecology of Games Framework.” Sustainability 11 (11): 3119. doi:10.3390/su11113119.
  • Zhu, Y. 2011. ““Performance Legitimacy” and China’s Political Adaptation Strategy.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 16: 123–140.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.