The Relationship Between Bullying Victimization and School Avoidance: An Examination of Direct Associations, Protective Influences, and Aggravating Factors

References

• Astor, R. A., Meyer, H. A., & Behre, W. J. (1999). Unowned places and times: Maps and interviews about violence in high schools. American Educational Research Journal, 36, 3–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attwood, G., & Croll, P. (2006). Truancy in secondary school pupils: Prevalence, trajectories and pupil perspectives. Research Papers in Education, 21(4), 467–484. doi:10.1080/02671520600942446
   Google Scholar
• Bachman, R. (1998). The factors related to rape reporting behavior and arrest new evidence from the National Crime Victimization Survey. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 25(1), 8–29. doi:10.1177/0093854898025001002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldry, A. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2000). Bullies and delinquents: Personal characteristics and parenting styles. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 10, 17–31. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1298(200001/02)10:1<17::AID-CASP526>3.0.CO;2-M
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barboza, G. E., Schiamber, L. B., Oehmke, J., Korzeniewski, S. J., Post, L. A., & Heraux, C. G. (2009). Individual characteristics and the multiple contexts of adolescent bullying: An ecological perspective. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 101–121. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9271-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman, S., Toomey, R. B., & Walker, J. L. (2013). Associations among bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide in high school students. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 341–350. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, shame, and integration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Calhoun, A., & Daniels, G. (2008). Accountability in school responses to harmful incidents. Journal of School Violence, 7(4), 21–47. doi:10.1080/15388220801973839
   Google Scholar
• DeVoe, J. F., & Bauer, L. (2011). Student victimization in U.S. Schools: Results from the 2009 school crime supplement to the national crime victimization survey (NCES 2012-314). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• DeVoe, J. F., Kaffenberger, S., & Chandler, K. (2005). Student Reports of Bullying: Results From the 2001 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCES 2005-310). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• DeVoe, J. F., Murphy, C., & American Institutes for Research, and Center for Effective Collaboration and Practice. (2011). Student reports of bullying and cyber-bullying: Results from the 2009 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCES 2011-336). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Espelage, D. L., Bosworth, K., & Simon, T. R. (2000). Examining the social context of bullying behaviors in early adolescence. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 326–333. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01914.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espelage, D. L., Hong, J. S., Rao, M. A., & Low, S. (2013). Associations between peer victimization and academic performance. Theory Into Practice, 52(4), 233–240. doi:10.1080/00405841.2013.829724
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrington, D. P., & Ttofi, M. M. (2009). School-based programs to reduce bullying and victimization: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 6.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, A. F., & Matjasko, J. L. (2005). The role of school-based extracurricular activities in adolescent development: A comprehensive review and future directions. Review of Educational Research, 75(2), 159–210. doi:10.3102/00346543075002159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, C. J., Miguel, C. S., Kilburn, J. C., & Sanchez, P. (2007). The effectiveness of school-based anti-bullying programs: A meta-analytic review. Criminal Justice Review, 32, 401–414. doi:10.1177/0734016807311712
   Google Scholar
• Finn, J. D., Gerber, S. B., & Boyd-Zaharias, J. (2005). Small classes in the early grades, academic achievement, and graduating from high school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97(2), 214. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.2.214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glew, G. M., Fan, M. Y., Katon, W., Rivara, F. P., & Kernic, M. A. (2005). Bullying, psychosocial adjustment, and academic performance in elementary school. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159(11), 1026. doi:10.1001/archpedi.159.11.1026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, S. (2013, April 4). Indiana girl’s public suicide and heartbreaking note sparks anti-bullying legislation in the state. New York Daily News. Retrieved from http://www.nydailynews.com
   Google Scholar
• Graham, S., & Juvonen, J. (2002). Ethnicity, peer harassment, and adjustment in middle school: An exploratory study. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 22(2), 173–199. doi:10.1177/0272431602022002003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greeff, P., & Grobler, A. A. (2008). Bullying during the intermediate school phase: A South African Study. Childhood, 15(1), 127–144. doi:10.1177/0907568207086840
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanish, L. D., & Guerra, N. G. (2000). The roles of ethnicity and school context in predicting children’s victimization by peers. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 201–223. doi:10.1023/A:1005187201519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(3), 206–221. doi:10.1080/13811118.2010.494133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutzell, K. L. (2014). The impact of interpersonal bullying and cyberbullying on school avoidance ( Unpublished doctoral dissertation). George Mason University, Fairfax, VA.
   Google Scholar
• Hutzell, K. L., & Payne, A. A. (2012). The impact of bullying victimization on school avoidance. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 10(4), 370–385. doi:10.1177/1541204012438926
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juvonen, J., Nishina, A., & Graham, S. (2000). Peer harassment, psychological adjustment, and school functioning in early adolescence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(2), 349–359. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.2.349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoury-Kassabri, M., Benbenishty, R., Astor, R. A., & Zeira, A. (2004). The contributions of community, family, and school variables to student victimization. American Journal of Community Psychology, 34, 187–204. doi:10.1007/s10464-004-7414-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. S., & Leventhal, B. (2008). Bullying and suicide. A review. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 20(2), 133–154. doi:10.1515/IJAMH.2008.20.2.133
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kochenderfer, B. J., & Ladd, G. W. (1996a). Peer victimization: Manifestations and relations to school adjustment in kindergarten. Journal of School Psychology, 34, 267–283. doi:10.1016/0022-4405(96)00015-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochenderfer, B. J., & Ladd, G. W. (1996b). Peer victimization: Cause or consequence of school maladjustment. Child Development, 67, 1305–1317. doi:10.2307/1131701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauritsen, J. L., Gatewood, J., Planty, M., Rand, M. R., & Truman, J. L. (2012). Methods for counting high-frequency repeat victimizations in the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCJ 237308). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Mahady Wilton, M. M., Craig, W. M., & Pepler, D. J. (2000). Emotional regulation and display in classroom victims of bullying: Characteristic expressions of affect, coping styles and relevant contextual factors. Social Development, 9(2), 226–245. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCluskey, G., Lloyd, G., Stead, J., Kane, J., Riddell, S., & Weedon, E. (2008). ‘I was dead restorative today’: From restorative justice to restorative approaches in school. Cambridge Journal of Education, 38(2), 199–216. doi:10.1080/03057640802063262
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, J., & Moore, D. (2001). Community conferencing as a special case of conflict transformation. In H. Strang, & J. Braithwaite (Eds.), Restorative justice and civil society (pp. 130–148). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer-Adams, N., & Conner, B. T. (2008). School violence: Bullying behaviors and the psychosocial school environment in middle schools. Children & Schools, 30(4), 211–221. doi:10.1093/cs/30.4.211
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, B. (2003). Regulating safe school communities: Being responsive and restorative. Journal of Educational Administration, 41(6), 690–704. doi:10.1108/09578230310504661
   Google Scholar
• Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M.D., Haynie, D. L., Ruan, J., & Scheidt, P. C. (2003). Relationships between bullying and violence among US youth. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 157, 348–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simmons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth. Journal of American Medical Association, 285, 2094–2100. doi:10.1001/jama.285.16.2094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Audit Office. (2005). Improving school attendance in England. London, UK: The Stationery Office.
   Google Scholar
• Olweus, D. (1991a). Victimization among school children. Advances in Psychology, 76, 45–102.
   Google Scholar
• Olweus, D. (1993a). Bully/Victim problems among school children: Long-term consequences and an effective intervention program. In S. Hodgins (Ed.), Mental disorder and crime (pp. 317–349). Newburg Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Olweus, D. (1993b). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford & Cambridge, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Olweus, D. (1994). Bullying at school: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35(7), 1171–1190. doi:10.1111/jcpp.1994.35.issue-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olweus, D. (2003). A profile of bullying at school. Educational Leadership, 60, 12–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olweus, D. (2005). A useful evaluation design, and the effects of the Olweus bullying prevention program. Psychology, Crime & Law, 11, 389–402. doi:10.1080/10683160500255471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olweus, D. (2012). Cyberbullying: An overrated phenomenon? European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5), 520–538. doi:10.1080/17405629.2012.682358
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olweus, D., Limber, S., & Mihalic, S. (1999). The bullying prevention program: Blueprints for violence prevention. Boulder, CO: Center for Study and Prevention of Violence.
   Google Scholar
• Parault, S. J., Davis, H. A., & Pellegrini, A. D. (2007). The social contexts of bullying and victimization. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 27(2), 145–174. doi:10.1177/0272431606294831
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2010). Cyberbullying and self‐esteem. Journal of School Health, 80(12), 614–621. doi:10.1111/josh.2010.80.issue-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randa, R., & Wilcox, P. (2012). Avoidance at school: Further specifying the influence of disorder, victimization, and fear. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 10(2), 190–204. doi:10.1177/1541204011423765
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp-Paglicci, L. A., Dulmus, C. N., Sowers, K. M., & Theriot, M. T. (2004). ‘Hotspots’ for bullying: Exploring the role of environment in school violence. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 1(2/3), 131–141. doi:10.1300/J394v01n02_09
   Google Scholar
• Sapouna, M. (2008). Bullying in Greek primary and secondary schools. School Psychology International, 29, 199–213. doi:10.1177/0143034308090060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, M. E., & Bagwell, C. L. (2007). The protective role of friendships in overtly and relationally victimized boys and girls. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 53(3), 439–460. doi:10.1353/mpq.2007.0021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seals, D., & Young, J. (2003). Bullying and victimization: Prevalence and relationship to gender, grade level, ethnicity, self-esteem, and depression. Adolescence, 38, 735–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selekman, J., & Vessey, J. A. (2004). Bullying: It Isn’t What It Used To Be. Pediatric Nursing, 30(3), 246–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith, A. L. (2003). Peer relationships in physical activity contexts: A road less traveled in youth sport and exercise psychology research. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(1), 25–39. doi:10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00015-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 376–385. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storch, E. A., Brassard, M. R., & Masia-Warner, C. L. (2003). The relationship of peer victimization to social anxiety and loneliness in adolescence. Child Study Journal, 33, 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Storch, E. A., & Esposito, L. E. (2003). Peer victimization and posttraumatic stress among children. Child Study Journal, 33, 91–98.
   Google Scholar
• Swartz, K., Reyns, B. W., Hensen, B., & Wilcox, P. (2011). Fear of in-school victimization: contextual, gendered, and developmental considerations. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 9(1), 59–78. doi:10.1177/1541204010374606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swearer, S. M., Espelage, D. L., Vaillancourt, T., & Hymel, S. (2010). What can be done about school bullying? Linking research to educational practice. Educational Researcher, 39, 38–47. doi:10.3102/0013189X09357622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend, L., Flisher, A. J., Chikobvu, P., Lombard, C. F., & King, G. (2008). The relationship between bullying behaviours and high school dropout in Cape Town, South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 38(1), 21–32. doi:10.1177/008124630803800102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ttofi, M. M., Bowes, L., Farrington, D. P., & Lösel, F. (2014). Protective factors interrupting the continuity from school bullying to later internalizing and externalizing problems: A systematic review of prospective longitudinal studies. Journal of School Violence, 13, 5–38. doi:10.1080/15388220.2013.857345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U. S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2013). National crime victimization survey: School crime supplement, 2011. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research.
   Google Scholar
• Warr, M. (2000). Fear of crime in the United States: Avenues for research and policy. In D. Duffee (Ed.), Measurement and analysis of crime and justice (Vol. 4, pp. 452–489). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox, P., Campbell Augustine, M., Bryan, J. P., & Roberts, S. D. (2005). The “reality” of school crime: Objective versus subjective experiences among a sample of Kentucky youth. Journal of School Violence, 4, 3–28. doi:10.1300/J202v04n02_02
   Google Scholar
• Yen, C. F., Huang, M. F., Kim, Y. S., Wang, P. W., Tang, T. C., Yeh, Y. C., … Yang, P. (2013). Association between types of involvement in school bullying and different dimensions of anxiety symptoms and the moderating effects of age and gender in Taiwanese adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(4), 263–272. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung Thompson, R. S., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2012). Peer victimization and internalizing symptoms from adolescence into young adulthood: Building strength through emotional support. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23, 290–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoneyama, S., & Naito, A. (2003). Problems with the paradigm: The school as a factor in understanding bullying (with special reference to Japan). British Journal of Sociology of Education, 24(3), 315–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar