Student Threat Assessment as an Alternative to Exclusionary Discipline

References

• Allen, K., Cornell, D., Lorek, E., & Sheras, P. (2008). Response of school personnel to student threat assessment training. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 19, 319–332. doi:10.1080/09243450802332184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association Zero Tolerance Task Force. (2008). Are zero tolerance policies effective in the schools? An evidentiary review and recommendations. American Psychologist, 63, 852–862. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.9.852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balfanz, R., Byrnes, V., & Fox, J. (2014). Sent home and put off-track: The antecedents, disproportionalities, and consequences of being suspended in ninth grade. Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk, 5(2). Article 13. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/childrenatrisk/vol5/iss2/13
   Google Scholar
• Borum, R., Cornell, D., Modzeleski, W., & Jimerson, S. R. (2010). What can be done about school shootings? A review of the evidence. Educational Researcher, 39, 27–37. doi:10.3102/0013189X09357620
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnette, A. G., Datta, P., & Cornell, D. (2017). The distinction between transient and substantive student threats. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management. doi:10.1037/tam0000092
   Google Scholar
• JustChildren, & Cornell, D. (2013). Prevention v. punishment: Threat assessment, school suspensions, and racial disparities. Retrieved from http://curry.virginia.edu/uploads/resourceLibrary/UVA_and_JustChildren_Report_-_Prevention_v._Punishment.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cornell, D. (2018). Comprehensive School Threat Assessment Guidelines: Intervention and support to prevent violence. Charlottesville, VA: School Threat Assessment Consultants LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Cornell, D., Allen, K., & Fan, X. (2012). A randomized controlled study of the Virginia Student Threat Assessment Guidelines in grades K-12. School Psychology Review, 41, 100–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornell, D., Gregory, A., & Fan, X. (2011). Reductions in long-term suspensions following adoption of the Virginia Student Threat Assessment Guidelines. Bulletin of the National Association of Secondary School Principals, 95, 175–194. doi:10.1177/0192636511415255
   Google Scholar
• Cornell, D., Maeng, J. L., Burnette, A. G., Jia, Y., Huang, F., Konold, T., … Meyer, P. (2017). Student threat assessment as an innovative violence prevention strategy: Results from a statewide implementation study. School Psychology Quarterly, 33, 213–222. doi:10.1037/spq0000220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornell, D., Maeng, J. L., Huang, F., Burnette, A., Datta, P., & Heilbrun, A. (2015). Threat Assessment in Virginia Schools: Technical report of the threat assessment survey for 2013–2014. Charlottesville: Curry School of Education, University of Virginia.
   Google Scholar
• Cornell, D., Maeng, J. L., Huang, F., Shukla, K., & Konold, T. (2018). Racial/ethnic parity in disciplinary consequences using student threat assessment. School Psychology Review, 47, 183–195. doi:10.17105/SPR-2017-0030.V47-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornell, D., & Sheras, P. (2006). Guidelines for responding to student threats of violence. Longmont, CO: Sopris West.
   Google Scholar
• Cornell, D., Sheras, P., Gregory, A., & Fan, X. (2009). A retrospective study of school safety conditions in high schools using the Virginia Threat Assessment Guidelines versus alternative approaches. School Psychology Quarterly, 24, 119–129. doi:10.1037/a0016182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabelo, T., Thompson, M. D., Plotkin, M., Carmichael, D., Marchbanks, M. P., & Booth, E. A. (2011). Breaking schools’ rules: A statewide study of how school discipline relates to students’ success and juvenile justice involvement. New York, NY: Council of State Governments Justice Center.
   Google Scholar
• Fein, R. A., Vossekuil, B., Pollack, W. S., Borum, R., Modzeleski, W., & Reddy, M. (2002). Threat assessment in schools: A guide to managing threatening situations and creating safe school climates. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Secret Service, National Threat Assessment Center.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, S., & Cornell, D. (2005). Threats of violence by students in special education. Behavioral Disorders, 31, 107–119. doi:10.1177/019874290503100102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Losen, D., & Martinez, T. (2013). Out of school and off track: The overuse of suspensions in American middle and high schools. Los Angeles: University of California, Los. Angeles.
   Google Scholar
• Losen, D. J. (Ed.). (2015). Closing the school discipline gap: Equitable remedies for excessive exclusion. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, C. E., & Meyers, S. A. (2015). Disparities in school discipline practices for students with emotional and learning disabilities and autism. Journal of Education and Human Development, 4, 255–267. doi:10.15640/jehd
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, E., Salomen, N., Plotkin, M., & Cohen, R. (2014). The school discipline consensus report: Strategies from the field to keep students engaged in school and out of the juvenile justice system. New York, NY: The Council of State Governments Justice Center. Retrieved from http://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/The_School_Discipline_Consensus_Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices. (2013). Virginia Student Threat Assessment Guidelines. Retrieved from http://legacy.nreppadmin.net/ViewIntervention.aspx?id=263
   Google Scholar
• National Threat Assessment Center. (2018). Enhancing school safety using a threat assessment model: An operational guide for preventing targeted school violence. U.S. Secret Service, Department of Homeland Security.
   Google Scholar
• Nekvasil, E., & Cornell, D. (2015). Student threat assessment associated with positive school climate in middle schools. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 2, 98–113. doi:10.1037/tam0000038
   Google Scholar
• O’Toole, M. E. (2000). The school shooter: A threat assessment perspective. Quantico, VA: National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, Federal Bureau of Investigation.
   Google Scholar
• Peguero, A. A., & Shekarkhar, Z. (2011). Latino/a student misbehavior and school punishment. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Science, 33(1), 54–70. doi:10.1177/0739986310388021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, J. N. K., & Scott, A. J. (1981). The analysis of categorical data from complex sample surveys: Chi-squared tests for goodness of fit and independence in two-way tables. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 76, 221–230. doi:10.2307/2287815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, J. F. (2004). Adjusted chi-square statistics: Application to clustered binary data in primary care. Annals of Family Medicine, 2, 201–203. doi:10.1370/afm.41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skiba, R. J., Chung, C.-G., Trachok, M., Baker, T. L., Sheya, A., & Hughes, R. L. (2014). Parsing disciplinary disproportionality: Contributions of infraction, student, and school characteristics to out-of-school suspension and expulsion. American Educational Research Journal, 51, 640–670. doi:10.3102/0002831214541670
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, A. L., Klingbeil, D. A., & Van Norman, E. R. (2013). Beyond behavior: Multilevel analysis of the influence of sociodemographics and school characteristics on students’ risk of suspension. School Psychology Review, 42, 99–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurau, L. H., & Wald, J. (2009). Controlling partners: when law enforcement meets discipline in public schools, school-to-prison pipeline symposium. New York Law School Law Review, 54:977–1022.
   Google Scholar
• Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services. (2013). Threat Assessment in Virginia Public Schools: Model policies procedures, and guidelines. Retrieved from https://www.dcjs.virginia.gov/sites/dcjs.virginia.gov/files/publications/law-enforcement/threat-assessment-model-policies-procedures-and-guidelinespdf.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Virginia Department of Education. (2019). Fall membership reports. Retrieved from http://www.doe.virginia.gov/statistics_reports/enrollment/index.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Vossekuil, B., Fein, R. A., Reddy, M., Borum, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2002). The final report and findings of the safe school initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States. United States Secret Service and United States Department of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Woitaszewski, S, Crepeau-Hobson, F, Conolly, C, & Cruz, M. (2017). Rules, requirements, and resources for school-based threat assessment: a fifty state analysis. Contemporary School Psychology, 22, 125-134. doi:10.1007/s40688-017-0161-y
   Google Scholar