Influence of Age-Related Stature on the Frequency of Body Region Injury and Overall Injury Severity in Child Pedestrian Casualties

REFERENCES

• Agran , P F , Winn , D , Anderson , C , Trent , R and Walton-Haynes , L . 2001 . Rates of Pediatric and Adolescent Injury by Year of Age . Pediatrics , Vol. 108 : e45 [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiyama , A , Yoshida , S , Matsuhashi , T , Rangarajan , N , Shams , T , Ishikawa , H and Konosu , A . Development of Simulation Model and Pedestrian Dummy . SAE Congress & Exposition . SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0082
   Google Scholar
• Ashton , S J . Some Factors Influencing the Injuries Sustained by Child Pedestrians Struck by the Fronts of Cars . Proc. 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference . pp. 353 – 380 .
   Google Scholar
• Ashton , S J and Mackay , G M . 1978 . “ Pedestrian Injuries and Death ” . In The Pathology of Violent Injury , London : Edward Arnold Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine . 1998 . The Abbreviated Injury Scale 1990 Revision, Update 1998
   Google Scholar
• Ballesteros , M F , Dischinger , P C and Langenberg , P . 2004 . Pedestrian Injuries and Vehicle Type in Maryland, 1995–1999 . Accident Analysis & Prevention , Vol. 36 : 73 – 81 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byard , R W , Green , H , James , R A and Gilbert , J D . 2000 . Pathologic Features of Childhood Pedestrian Fatalities . American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology , Vol. 21 : 101 – 106 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demetriades , D , Murray , J , Martin , M , Velmahos , G , Salim , A , Alo , K and Rhee , P . 2004 . Pedestrians Injured by Automobiles: Relationship of Age to Injury Type and Severity . J. of the American College of Surgeons , Vol. 199 : 382 – 387 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derlet , R W , Silva , J and Holcroft , J . 1989 . Pedestrian Accidents: Adult and Pediatric Injuries . J. of Emergency Medicine , Vol. 7 : 5 – 8 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Detweiler , D T and Miller , R A . Development of a Sport Utility Front Bumper System for Pedestrian Safety and 5 mph Impact Performance . Proc. 17th ESV .
   Google Scholar
• DiMaggio , C and Durkin , M . 2002 . Child Pedestrian Injury in an Urban Setting: Descriptive Epidemiology . Academic Emergency Medicine , Vol. 9 : 54 – 62 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durkin , M S , Laraque , D , Lubman , I and Barlow , B . 1999 . Epidemiology and Prevention of Traffic Injuries to Urban Children and Adolescents . Pediatrics , Vol. 103 : e74 [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee (EEVC) Working Group 17 . 2002 . Improved Test Methos to Evaluate Pedestrian Protection Afforded by Passenger Cars (December 1998 with September 2002 updates). Retrieved from http://eevc.org/publicdocs/WG17_Improved_test_methods_updated_sept_2002.pdf. Accessed 2 November 2005
   Google Scholar
• Fildes , B , Gabler , H , Otte , D , Linder , A and Sparke , L . Pedestrian Impact Priorities Using Real-World Crash Data and Harm . Proc. IRCOBI . 2004 . pp. 167 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Fredriksson , R , Håland , Y and Yang , J . Evaluation of a New Pedestrian Head Injury Protection System with a Sensor in the Bumper and Lifting of the Bonnet's Rear Part . Proc. 17th ESV . Paper 131
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , G H and Halton , J H . 1951 . Note on the Exact Treatment of Contingency, Goodness of Fit and Other Problems of Significance . Biometrika , Vol. 38 : 278 – 280 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , J and Grew , N D . The Influence of Car Design on Pedestrian Protection . Proc. 10th ESV . pp. 1009 – 1022 .
   Google Scholar
• Henary , B Y , Crandall , J , Bhalla , K , Roudsari , B S and Mock , C N . Child and Adult Pedestrian Impact: The Influence of Vehicle Type on Injury Severity . Proc. 47th Annual AAAM . pp. 105 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Ishikawa , H , Kajzer , J , Ono , K and Sakurai , M . 1994 . Simulation of Car Impact to Pedestrian Lower Extremity: Influence of Different Car-Front Shapes and Dummy Parameters on Test Results . Accident Analysis & Prevention , Vol. 26 : 231 – 242 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivarsson , J , Henary , B , Crandall , J and Longhitano , D . Significance of Adult Pedestrian Torso Injury . Proc. 49th Annual AAAM . pp. 263 – 277 .
   Google Scholar
• Kong , L B , Lekawa , M , Navarro , R A , McGrath , J , Cohen , M , Margulies , D R and Hiatt , J R . 1996 . Pedestrian-Motor Vehicle Trauma: An Analysis of Injury Profiles by Age . J. American College of Surgeons , Vol. 182 : 17 – 23 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konosu , A , Issiki , T and Tanahashi , M . Development of a Biofidelic Flexible Pedestrian Leg-Form Impactor (Flex–PLI 2004) and Evaluation of its Biofidelity at the Component Level and at the Assembly Level . SAE World Congress . 2005 . SAE Technical paper 2005-01-1879
   Google Scholar
• Kuczmarski , R J , Ogden , C L , Grummer-Strawn , L M , Flegal , K M , Guo , S S , Wei , R , Mei , Z , Curtin , L R , Roche , A F and Johnson , C L . 2000 . CDC Growth Charts: United States Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics Number 314, retrieved from www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad314.pdf. Accessed 12 January 2006
   Google Scholar
• Lane , P I , McClafferty , K J and Nowak , E S . 1994 . Pedestrians in Real World Collisions . J. of Trauma , Vol. 36 : 231 – 236 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Lefler , D E and Gabler , H C . 2004 . The Fatality and Injury Risk of Light Truck Impacts with Pedestrians in the United States . Accident Analysis & Prevention , Vol. 36 : 295 – 304 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longhitano , D , Bhalla , K , Henary , B , Ivarsson , J and Crandall , J . Influence of Vehicle Body Type on Pedestrian Injury Distribution . SAE World Congress . 2005 . SAE Technical Paper 2005–01- 1876
   Google Scholar
• Longhitano , D , Ivarsson , J , Henary , B and Crandall , J . Torso Injury Trends for Pedestrians Struck by Cars and LTVs . Proc. 19th ESV . Paper 05-0411
   Google Scholar
• Miller , T R , Zaloshnja , E , Lawrence , B A , Crandall , J , Ivarsson , J and Finkelstein , A E . Pedestrian and Pedalcyclist Injury Costs in the United States by Age and Injury Severity . Proc. 48th Annual AAAM . pp. 265 – 284 .
   Google Scholar
• Nagatomi , K , Akiyama , A and Kobayashi , T . Bumper Structure for Pedestrian Protection . Proc. 15th ESV . pp. 593 – 601 .
   Google Scholar
• National Agency for Automotive Safety & Victims' Aid (NASVA) . 2005 . New Car Assessment JNCAP retrieved from http://www.nasva.go.jp/assess/english/html2005e/protect/method.html#01 Accessed 8 November 2005
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) . 2005 . “ Traffic Safety Facts 2003: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System ” . retrieved from http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/TSFAnn/TSF2003.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Okamoto , Y , Akiyama , A , Nagatomi , K and Tsuruga , T . Concept of Hood Design for Possible Reduction in Pedestrian Head Injury . Proc. 14th ESV .
   Google Scholar
• Paulozzi , L J . 2005 . United States Pedestrian Fatality Rate by Vehicle Type . Injury Prevention , Vol. 11 : 232 – 236 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng , R Y and Bongard , F S . 1999 . Pedestrian versus Motor Vehicle Accidents: An Analysis of 5,000 Patients . J. of the American College of Surgeons , Vol. 189 : 343 – 348 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivara , F P . 1990 . Child Pedestrian Injuries in the United States. Current Status of the Problem, Potential Interventions, and Future Research Needs . American Journal of Diseases of Children , Vol. 144 : 692 – 696 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , I , Norton , R , Jackson , R , Dunn , R and Hassall , I . 1995 . Effect of Environmental Factors on Risk of Injury of Child Pedestrians by Motor Vehicles: A Case-Control Study . BMJ , Vol. 310 : 91 – 94 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roudsari , B S , Mock , C N and Kaufman , R . 2005 . An Evaluation of the Association between Vehicle Type and the Source and Severity of Pedestrian Injuries . Traffic Injury Prevention , Vol. 6 : 185 – 192 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Roudsari , B S , Mock , C N , Kaufman , R , Grossman , D , Henary , B Y and Crandall , J . 2004 . Pedestrian Crashes: Higher Injury Severity for Light Truck Vehicles Compared with Passenger Cars . Injury Prevention , Vol. 10 : 154 – 158 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starnes , M and Longthorne , A . 2003 . “ Child Pedestrian Fatality Rate by Striking Vehicle Body Type: A Comparison of Passenger Cars, Sport Utility Vehicles, Pickups, and Vans, Department of Transportation HS 809 640 ” . Traffic Safety Facts Research Note Washington , DC : National Center for Statistics & Analysis .
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi , Y , Kikuchi , Y , Okamoto , M , Akiyama , A , Ivarsson , J , Bose , D , Subit , D , Shin , J and Crandall , J . Biofidelity Evaluation for the Knee and Leg of the Polar Pedestrian Dummy . Proc. 19th ESV . Paper 05–0280
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau . 2004 . Global Population Report: 2002 Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/ipc/prod/wp02/wp-02.pdf. Accessed 8 November 2005
   Google Scholar
• van Rooij , L , Meissner , M , Bhalla , B , Crandall , J , Takahashi , Y , Dokko , Y and Kikuchi , Y . A Comparative Evaluation of Pedestrian Kinematics and Injury Prediction for Adults and Children upon Impact with a Passenger Car . SAE 2004 World Congress . SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1606
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 2001 . Road Safety Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/transport/roads/safety.htm. Accessed 30 October 2005
   Google Scholar