REFERENCES
- Aarts , L and van Shagen , I . 2006 . Driving Speed and the Risk of Road Crashes: A review . Accid. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 38 : 215 – 224 .
- Armstrong , K and Steinhardt , D A . . Understanding Street Racing and “Hoon” Culture: An Exploratory Investigation of Perceptions and Experiences . Proc. Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference .
- Arnett , J J , Offer , D and Fine , M A . 1997 . Reckless Driving in Adolescence: “State” and “Trait” Factors . Accid. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 29 ( 1 ) : 57 – 63 .
- Autotrader . 2007 . Street Racing under Fire . Autotrader , Available at: http://www.autotrader.co.uk/EDITORIAL/CARS/news/SAFETY/38303.html(accessed February 18, 2009)
- Bandura , A . 1977 . Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change . Psychol. Rev. , Vol. 84 ( 2 ) : 191 – 215 .
- Bandura , A . 2001 . Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective . Annu. Rev. Psychol. , Vol. 52 : 1 – 26 .
- Bannerman , G . 2000 . Racetrack in the Park—Success or Failure: An Accident Analysis of the Realigned Public Roads in Albert Park Reserve May 1995–December 1999 , Melbourne, , Australia : Graeme Bannerman, Civil Engineer .
- Beere , P . 2007 . The Fast and the Spurious: Geographies of Youth Car Culture in Hamilton, New Zealand , Hamilton, , New Zealand : University of Waikato . Unpublished master's thesis
- Beirness , D , Mayhew , D R , Simpson , H M and Desmond , K . 2004 . The Road Safety Monitor 2004: Young Drivers , Ottawa, , Canada : Traffic Injury Research Foundation .
- Berkowitz , L . 1990 . On the Formation and Regulation of Anger and Aggression—A Cognitive-Neoassociationistic Analysis . Am. Psychol. , Vol. 45 ( 4 ) : 494 – 503 .
- Bina , M , Graziano , F and Bonino , S . 2006 . Risky Driving and Lifestyles in Adolescence . Accid. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 38 : 472 – 481 .
- Blincoe , L , Seay , A , Zaloshnja , E , Miller , T , Romano , E , Luchter , S and Spicer , R . 2002 . The Economic Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes 2000 , Washington, DC : Department of Transportation . Rep. No. DOT HS 809 446
- British Broadcasting Corporation . 2007 . Boy Street Racers “Copying Film.” . BBC News International , Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/kent/6975701.stm(accessed September 3, 2007)
- Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 2006 . Street Racing: Too Fast, Too Furious Available at: http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/crime/street-racing.html June 15, 2006 (accessed February 18, 2009)
- Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 2008 . Police, Politicians Defend Street-Racing Legislation Available at: http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2008/06/11/street-racing.html CBC News (accessed February 18, 2009)
- Caputo , S . 2005 . V-12s Will Rev Your Engine (If You're Loaded) Available at: http://www.bankrate.com/brm/news/auto/car-guide-2005/V12s1.asp(accessed February 18, 2009)
- Cohen , T . 2008 . Family of Taxi Driver Killed in Collision File Lawsuit Alleging Street Racing . Yahoo! News , Available at: http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/capress/080312/national/taxi_fatal_lawsuit(accessed May 23, 2008)
- CTV.ca News Staff . 2006 . Street-Racing Tragedy Ends Cabbie's Cdn. Dream Available at: http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060125/street_race_060125/20060125(accessed February 18, 2009)
- Dahl , R E . 2004 . Adolescent Brain Development: A Period of Vulnerabilities and Opportunities. Keynote Address . Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. , Vol. 1021 : 1 – 22 .
- de Vise , D , Helderman , R S and Johnson , J . 2008 . Car Race's Drivers, Spectators Reticent . Washington Post , February 18 : A1
- DeYoung , D J . 1999 . An Evaluation of the Specific Deterrent Effects of Vehicle Impoundment on Suspended, Revoked, and Unlicensed Drivers in California . Accid. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 31 : 45 – 53 .
- Dowling , J . 2003 . MP Demands Ban on Video Hoons . The Sun-Herald. , November 16 Available at: http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/11/15/1068674436769.html(accessed February 18, 2009)
- Falconer , R and Kingham , S . 2007 . “Driving People Crazy”: A Geography of Boy Racers in Christchurch, New Zealand . N. Z. Geogr. , Vol. 63 : 181 – 191 .
- Ferguson , S A , Hardy , A P and Williams , A F . 2003 . Content Analysis of Television Advertising for Cars and Minivans: 1983–1998 . Accid. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 35 : 825 – 831 .
- Fergusson , D , Swain-Campbell , N and Horwood , J . 2003 . Risky Driving Behaviour in Young People: Prevalence, Personal Characteristics and Traffic Accidents . Aust. N. Z. J. Publ. Health , Vol. 27 : 337 – 342 .
- Fischer , A , Hatch , J and Paix , B . 1986 . “ Road Accidents and the Grand Prix ” . In The Adelaide Grand Prix: the Impact of a Special Event , Edited by: Burns , J. , Hatch , J. and Mules , T. J. 151 – 168 . Adelaide, , Australia : Centre for South Australian Economic Studies .
- Fischer , P , Guter , S and Frey , D . 2008 . The Effects of Risk-Promoting Media on Inclinations Toward Risk Taking . Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol. , Vol. 30 : 1 – 11 .
- Fischer , P , Kubitzki , J , Guter , S and Frey , D . 2007 . Virtual Driving and Risk Taking: Do Racing Games Increase Risk-Taking Cognitions, Affect, and Behaviors? . J. Exp. Psychol. , Vol. 13 : 22 – 31 .
- Folkman , L-M . . Queensland's Anti-hoon Legislation and Policing Methods Used to Prevent Hooning Behavior . Proc. Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference .
- Gee Kee , A , Palk , G and Steinhardt , D A . . How Driving Behaviour: Prevalence, Associated Characteristics and Crashes . Proc. 2007 Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference .
- Giedd , J N . 2004 . Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Adolescent Brain . Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. , Vol. 1021 : 77 – 85 .
- Girard , D . 2007 . Police Work to ERASE Street Racing . Wheels. , Available at: http://www.wheels.ca/article/29579(accessed February 18, 2009)
- Grasmick , H G and Greene , D E . 1980 . Legal Punishment, Social Disapproval and Internalization as Inhibitors of Illegal Behavior . Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology , Vol. 71 : 325 – 335 .
- Holusha , J . August 13 1988 . Car Makers of the World Revive Horsepower Race August 13 , Available at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DF133EF930A2575BC0A96E948260 New York Times (accessed February 18, 2009)
- Insurance Institute for Highway Safety . 2007 . Status Report , Arlington, VA : Insurance Institute for Highway Safety .
- Kloeden , C , McLean , A J , Moore , V M and Ponte , G . 1997 . Travelling Speed and the Risk of Crash Involvement (Vol. 1) , Adelaide, , Australia : The University of Adelaide, NHMRC Road Accident Research Unit .
- Knight , S , Cook , L J and Olson , L M . 2004 . The Fast and the Fatal: Street Racing Fatal Crashes in the United States . Inj. Prev. , Vol. 10 : 53 – 55 .
- Lajunen , T , Parker , D and Summala , H . 2004 . The Manchester Driver Behaviour Questionnaire: A Cross-cultural Study . Accid. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 36 : 231 – 238 .
- Lawton , R , Parker , D , Manstead , A SR and Stradling , S G . 1997 . The Role of Affect in Predicting Social Behaviors: The Case of Read Traffic Violations . J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. , Vol. 27 : 1258 – 1276 .
- Leal , N L , Watson , B C and King , M . . Hooning Offenders and Offences: Who and What Are We Dealing With? . Proc. Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference .
- Leigh , A . 1996 . Youth and Street Racing . Curr. Issues Crim. Justice , Vol. 7 : 388 – 393 .
- Li , Z , Knight , S , Cook , L J , Hyde , L , Holubkov , R and Olson , L . 2008 . Modeling Motor Vehicle Crashes for Street Racers Using Zero-Inflated Models . Accid. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 40 : 835 – 839 .
- Lowery , P . 2003 . Curb Illegal Street Racing . Police Chief , Vol. 70 Available at: http://policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display_arch&article_id=93&issue_id=092003(acces-sed February 18, 2009)
- Mann , R E , Smart , R G , Stoduto , G , Adlaf , E M , Vingilis , E , Beirness , D and Lamble , R . 2000 . Changing Drinking-and-Driving Behaviour: The Effects of Ontario's Administrative Driver's Licence Suspension Law . Can. Med. Assoc. J. , Vol. 162 : 1141 – 1142 .
- Manning , S . 2008 . Street Racing Still Thrives Available at: http://www.ohio.com/news/nation/16065242.html(accessed February 18, 2009)
- McArthur , D and Kraus , J . 1999 . The Specific Deterrence of Administrative per se Laws in Reducing Drunk Driving Recidivism . Am. J. Prev. Med. , Vol. 16 : 68 – 75 .
- Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . 2006 . Ontario Road Safety Annual Report 2004 , Toronto : Ministry of Transportation of Ontario .
- Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . 2008 . Bill 203: Safer Roads for a Safer Ontario Act , Toronto : Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/about/bill203.htm
- Moore , V M , Dolinis , J and Woodward , A J . 1995 . Vehicle Speed and Risk of a Severe Crash . Epidemiology , Vol. 6 : 258 – 262 .
- MotorTorque Team . 2007 . Death Race 2007—Stunts Must Stop Available at: http://motortorque.askaprice.com/news/auto-0712/death-race-2007-stunts-must-stop.asp(accessed February 18, 2009)
- Nichols , J and Ross , J . 1990 . The Effectiveness of Legal Sanctions in Dealing with Drinking Drivers . Alcohol, Drugs and Driving , Vol. 6 : 33 – 60 .
- Oliveira , M . 2008 . One Year Later, Ontario's Racing Law Not Deterring Speeders as Hoped . Canadian Press, Yahoo News Canada. , Available at: http://news.therecord.com/printArticle/367185(acces-sed February 20, 2009)
- Özkan , T , Lajunen , T and Summala , H . 2006 . Driver Behaviour Questionnaire: A Follow-up Study . Accid. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 38 : 386 – 395 .
- Paternoster , R . 1987 . The Deterrent Effect of the Perceived Certainty and Severity of Punishment: A Review of the Evidence and Issues . Justice Quarterly , Vol. 4 : 173 – 217 .
- Peak , K and Glensor , R . 2004 . Street Racing , Washington, DC : U. S. Department of Justice . Rep. No. 28
- 2007 . Making a Difference , Press Release/Media Alert. Centre for Injury Prevention . Available at: http://www.sandiego.gov/qualcomm/pdf/pr070215.pdf Racelegal.com (accessed February 18, 2009)
- Reason , J , Manstead , A , Stradling , S , Baxter , J and Campbell , K . 1990 . Errors and Violations on the Roads—A Real Distinction . Ergonomics , Vol. 33 : 1315 – 1332 .
- Royal , D . 2003 . National Survey of Speeding and Unsafe Driving Attitudes and Behaviors: 2002. Volume II—Findings Report , Washington, DC : U. S. DOT, NHTSA, Office of Research and Technology . Rep. No. DOT HS 809 688
- Rush , C . 2007 . Speeding Crackdown Sunday . Toronto Star. , Available at: http://www.thestar.com/News/Ontario/article/261595(accessed February 18, 2009)
- Shapiro , P and Votey , H Jr . 1984 . Deterrence and Subjective Probabilities of Arrest: Modeling Individual Decisions to Drink and Drive in Sweden . Law Soc. Rev. , Vol. 4 : 583 – 604 .
- Singhal , D , Simpson , H , Vanlaar , W and Mayhew , D . 2006 . The Road Safety Monitor: Public Awareness and Concern About Road Safety , Ottawa, , Canada : Traffic Injury Research Foundation .
- Small , P . 2007 . Killer Drivers Won't Do Jail Time . Toronto Star , Available at: http://www.thestar.com/News/GTA/article/219249(accessed February 18, 2009)
- Steinberg , L . 2004 . Risk Taking in Adolescence: What Changes, and Why? . Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. , Vol. 1021 : 51 – 58 .
- Tranter , P J and Keefee , T . 2004 . Motor Racing in Australia's Parliamentary Zone: Successful Event Tourism or the Emperor's New Clothes? . Urban Pol. Res. , Vol. 22 : 169 – 187 .
- Tranter , P J and Lowes , M D . 2005 . The Place of Motorsport in Public Health: An Australian Perspective . Health Place , Vol. 11 : 379 – 391 .
- Vaaranen , H . 2004 . The Emotional Experience of Class: Interpreting Working-Class Kids' Street Racing in Helsinki . Ann. Am. Acad. Pol. Soc. Sci. , Vol. 595 : 91 – 107 .
- Vaaranen , H and Wieloch , N . 2002 . Car Crashes and Dead End Careers: Leisure Pursuits of the Finnish Subculture of the Kortteliralli Street Racing . Young , Vol. 10 : 42 – 58 .
- Valiquet , D . 2007 . Available at: http://www.parl.gc.ca/39/1/parlbus/chambus/house/bills/summaries/c19-e.pdf Bill C-19: An Act to Amend the Criminal Code (Street Racing) and to Make a Consequential Amendment to the Corrections and Conditional Release Act. LS-531E (accessed February 18, 2009)
- Vingilis , E . 1990 . “ A New Look at Deterrence ” . In Drinking and Driving , Edited by: Wilson , J. and Mann , R. 99 – 115 . New York : Guilford .
- Vingilis , E , Blefgen , H , Lei , H , Sykora , K and Mann , R . 1988 . An Evaluation of the Deterrent Impact of Ontario's 12-Hour Licence Suspension Law . Accid. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 20 : 9 – 17 .
- Vingilis , E and Mann , R . 1986 . Towards an Interactionist Approach to Drinking-Driving Behaviour: Implications for Prevention and Research . Health Educ. Res. , Vol. 1 : 273 – 288 .
- Votey , H Jr . 1978 . “ The Deterrence of Drunken Driving in Norway and Sweden: An Econometric Analysis of Existing Policies ” . In Drinking and Driving in Scandinavia , Edited by: Hauge , R. 79 – 99 . Norway : Universitetstorlaget .
- Votey , H Jr . 1982 . Scandanavian Drinking-Driving Control: Myth or Intuition? . J. Legal Stud. , Vol. 11 : 93 – 116 .
- Votey , H Jr and Shapiro , P . 1983 . Highway Accidents in Sweden: Modelling the Process of Drunken Driving Behaviour and Control . Accid. Anal. Prev. , Vol. 15 : 523 – 533 .
- Warn , J , Tranter , P J and Kingham , S . . Fast and Furious 3: Illegal Street Racing, Sensation Seeking and Risky Driving Behaviours in New Zealand . Proc. 27th Australasian Transport Research Forum .
- Whitten , L . 2007 . Uneven Regional Brain Development Contributes to Adolescent Risk-Taking . NIDA Notes , Vol. 21 ( 3 ) : 8 – 9 .
- Worrall , J L and Tibbetts , S G . 2006 . Explaining San Diego's Decline in Illegal Street-Racing Casualties . Justice Quarterly , Vol. 23 : 530 – 544 .