Are Age-Based Licensing Restrictions a Meaningful Way to Enhance Rural Older Driver Safety? The Need for Exposure Considerations in Policy Development

REFERENCES

• Adams , K and Bryce , I . 2005 . An introduction to market and social research , London, , UK : Kogan Page .
   Google Scholar
• Adler , G and Rottunda , S . 2006 . Older adults' perspectives on driving cessation . J Aging Stud. , 20 : 227 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaxter , L , Hughes , C and Tight , M . 2006 . How to Research, , 3rd ed. , Berkshire, , England : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burkhardt , J . 1999 . Economic impact of rural transit services . Trans Res Rec. , 1666 : 55 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Burkhardt , J E and McGavock , A T . 1999 . Tomorrow's older drivers: who? How many? What impacts? . Trans Res Rec. , 1693 : 62 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Deschenes , S D . 2004 . Evaluation of Current Policies & Programs for Elderly Drivers , Fredericton, , New Brunswick : University of New Brunswick . [thesis].
   Google Scholar
• Elvik , R , Erke , A and Christensen , P . 2009 . Elementary units of exposure . Trans Res Rec. , 2103 : 25 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley , D J , Heimovitz , H K , Guralnik , J M and Brock , D B . 2002 . Driving life expectancy of persons aged 70 years and older in the United States . Am J Public Health. , 92 : 1284 – 1289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gates , T J , Qin , X and Noyce , D A . 2008 . Effectiveness of experimental transverse-bar pavement marking as speed-reduction treatment on freeway curves . Trans Res Rec. , 2056 : 95 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Hague , P N , Adams , K and Brace , I . 2005 . An Introduction to Market and Social Research , London, , UK : Kogan Page .
   Google Scholar
• Hakamies-Blomqvist , L , O'Neill , D and Raitanen , T . 2002 . Driver ageing does not cause higher accident rates per km . Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. , 54 : 271 – 274 .
   Google Scholar
• Hanson , T R . 2004 . Using GPS and GIS to Study the Travel Habits of Rural Elderly Drivers , Fredericton, New Brunswick : University of New Brunswick . [dissertation].
   Google Scholar
• Hanson , T R . 2010 . Understanding the Travel Behaviour of Rural Older Drivers , Fredericton, New Brunswick : University of New Brunswick . [dissertation].
   Google Scholar
• Hildebrand , E and Myrick , B . 2001 . “ Collision experience and mobility concerns of the rural elderly ” . In Proceedings of the Canadian Multidisciplinary Road Safety Conference XII, London, Ontario , Canadian Association of Road Safety .
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Transportation Engineers . 1999 . Transportation planning handbook, , 2nd ed. , Washington, DC : Institute of Transportation Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Insurance Institute for Highway Safety . 2010 . Status Report. , Vol. 45(6) , Insurance Institute for Highway Safety . Available at: http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr4506.pdf. Accessed July 27, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Jang , R W , Man-Son-Hing , M Molnar , F J . 2007 . Family physicians' attitudes and practices regarding assessments of medical fitness to drive in older persons. . J Gen Intern Med. , 22 : 531 – 543 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janke , M K . 1991 . Accidents, mileage, and the exaggeration of risk . Accid Anal Prev. , 23 : 183 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , J E . 1998 . Older rural adults and the decision to stop driving: the influence of family and friends . J Community Health Nurs. , 15 : 205 – 216 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langford , J , Fitzharris , M , Koppel , S and Newstead , S . 2004 . Effectiveness of mandatory license testing for older drivers in reducing crash risk among urban older Australian drivers . Traffic Inj Prev. , 5 : 326 – 335 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langford , J , Koppel , S , McCarthy , D and Srinivasan , S . 2008 . In defence of the “low-mileage bias.” . Accid Anal Prev. , 40 : 1996 – 1999 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , S C , Man-Son-Hing , M , Molnar , F , Wilson , K G and Blair , R . 2007 . The acceptability to older drivers of different types of licensing restriction . Accid Anal Prev. , 39 : 776 – 793 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milan , A . 2005 . Willing to Participate: Political Engagement of Young Adults , Ottawa, Ontario : Statistics Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Mollenkopf , H , Marcellini , F , Ruoila , I , Sze'Man , Z , Tacken , M and Wahl , H . 2004 . Social and behavioural science perspectives on out-of-home mobility in later life: Findings from the European project MOBILATE . Eur J Ageing. , 1 : 45 – 53 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Molnar , L J and Eby , D W . 2008 . The relationship between self-regulation and driving-related abilities in older drivers: an exploratory study . Traffic Inj Prev. , 9 : 314 – 319 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasvadi , G C and Wister , A . 2009 . Do restricted driver's licenses lower crash risk among older drivers? A survival analysis of insurance data from British Columbia . Gerontologist. , 49 : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• National Household Travel Survey . 2009 . Federal Highway Administration, Government of the United States .
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council of Canada . Sunrise/Sunset Calculator Available at: http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/hia/sunrise-sunset.html. Accessed July 27, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Owsley , C , McGwin , G , Phillips , J M , McNeal , S F and Stalvey , B T . 2004 . Impact of an educational program on the safety of high-risk, visually impaired, older drivers . Am J Prev Med. , 26 : 222 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbloom , S . 2001 . Driving cessation among older people: when does it happen and what impact does it have? . Trans Res Rec. , 1779 : 93 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 2001 . Health Reports Catalogue No. 82–003-XIE. , 3 : 33 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Turcotte , M and Schellenberg , G . 2007 . A Portrait of Seniors in Canada, 2006 , Ottawa, Ontario : Statistics Canada, Social and Aboriginal Statistics Division .
   Google Scholar
• Vardeman , S B . 1994 . Statistics for Engineering Problem Solving , Boston, Mass : PWS Publishing Co .
   Google Scholar