Forecasting Impact Injuries of Unrestrained Occupants in Railway Vehicle Passenger Compartments

References

• Acar E, Guler MA, Ger CC, Eker B, Cerit ME, Bayram B. Multi-objective crashworthiness optimization of tapered thin-walled tubes with axisymmetric indentations. Thin Wall Struct. 2011;49:94–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association of Train Operating Companies (ATOC). Vehicle Interior Crashworthiness. London: Railway Safety Evergreen House; 2002. AV/ST9001.
   Google Scholar
• Azadi S, Azadi M, Zahedi F. NVH analysis and improvement of a vehicle body structure using DOE method. J Mech Sci Technol. 2009;23:2980–2989.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cengiz B, Emin S, Sureyya EB, Fatih A, Toprak T, Mugan A. Railroad passenger car collision analysis and modifications for improved crashworthiness. Int J Crashworthiness. 2011;16:319–329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee S, Carney JF III. Passenger train crashworthiness—primary collisions. Transp Res Rec. 1996a;18(1531):1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Chatterjee S, Carney JF III. Passenger train crashworthiness—secondary collisions. Transp Res Rec. 1996b;18(1531):13–19.
   Google Scholar
• Dias JP, Pereira MS. Optimization methods for crashworthiness design using multibody models. Comput Struct. 2004;82:1371–1380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farhat F, Nakamura S, Takahashi K. Application of genetic algorithm to optimization of buckling restrained braces for seismic upgrading of existing structures. Comput Struct. 2009;87:110–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsberg J, Nilsson L. Evaluation of response surface methodologies used in crashworthiness optimization. Int J Impact Eng. 2006;32:759–777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao GJ, Tian HQ. Train's crashworthiness design and collision analysis. Int J Crashworthiness. 2007;12:21–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gholizadeh S, Samavati OA. Structural optimization by wavelet transforms and neural networks. Appl Math Model. 2011;35:915–929.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes HM, Awruch AM, Lopes PAM. Reliability based optimization of laminated composite structures using genetic algorithms and artificial neural networks. Struct Saf. 2011;33(3):186–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han HS, Koo JS. Simulation of train crashes in three dimensions. Vehicle Syst Dyn. 2003;40:435–450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht M. The crashworthiness of tramcar and LRV. Foreign Rolling Stock. 2005;42(5):39–41.
   Google Scholar
• Hosseini-Tehrani P, Bayat V. Study on crashworthiness of wagon's frame under frontal impact. Int J Crashworthiness. 2011;16:25–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseini Tehrani P, Nankali A. Study on characteristics of a crashworthy high-speed train nose. Int J Crashworthiness. 2010;15(2):161–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou S, Li Q, Long S, Yang X, Li W. Multiobjective optimization of multi-cell sections for the crashworthiness design. Int J Impact Eng. 2008;35:1355–1367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick SW, Schroeder M, Simons JW. Evaluation of passenger rail vehicle crashworthiness. Int J Crashworthiness. 2001;6:95–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu G. Energy absorption requirement for crashworthy vehicles. Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit. 2002;216:31–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NHTSA. Occupant Crash Protection. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation; 1993. . FMVSS 208.
   Google Scholar
• Oh J, Washington SP, Nam D. Accident prediction model for railway–highway interfaces. Accid Anal Prev. 2006;38:346–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekulski Z. Multi-objective topology and size optimization of high-speed vehicle–passenger catamaran structure by genetic algorithm. Marine Structures. 2010;23:405–433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severson KJ, Tyrell DC, Perlman AB. Rail passenger equipment collision tests: analysis of structural measurements. Paper presented at: International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition; 2000; Orlando, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Simons JW, Kirkpatrick SW. High-speed passenger train crashworthiness and occupant survivability. Int J Crashworthiness. 1999;4(2):121–132.
   Google Scholar
• Tian HQ, Gao GJ, Yao S, Xu P, Liu H. Structure realization method for collapse threshold of plastic deformation in train collision condition. J Cent South Univ Technol. 2011;18:244–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrell DC. US rail equipment crashworthiness standards. Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit. 2002;216(2):123–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrell DC, Severson KJ, Marquis BP. Analysis of Occupant Protection Strategies in Train Collisions. ASME Applied Mechanics Division; 1995a.
   Google Scholar
• Tyrell DC, Severson KJ, Marquis BP. Train crashworthiness design for occupant survivability. Paper presented at: International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition; 1995b; San Francisco, CA.
   Google Scholar
• UK. Railway Applications—Crashworthiness Requirements for Railway Vehicle Bodies. British: Standards Policy and Strategy Committee; 2009. . EN 15227:2008.
   Google Scholar
• Wang W. Influence factors of railway vehicle interior impact injury. Appl Mech Mater. 2011;79:227–231.
   Google Scholar
• Wang W, Zhang G, Zhao H, Lu Z. Second impact effect of chair distance of high-speed train on occupant injury. Comput Aided Eng. 2008;17(2):1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Wang W, Zhao H, Liu X. Railway vehicle occupant's injury caused by the impact second. Urban Mass Transit. 2007;10(9):23–27.
   Google Scholar
• Xie SC, Tian HQ. Influencing factors and sensitivity analysis of occupant impact injury in passenger compartment. Traffic Inj Prev. 2013;14:816–822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie SC, Zhou H, Zhao JJ, Zhang YC. Energy-absorption forecast of thin-walled structure by GA-BP hybrid algorithm. Journal of Central South University. 2013;20:1122–1128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue X, Schmid F, Smith RA. A study of modelling approaches for rail vehicle collision behaviour. Int J Crashworthiness. 2004;9:515–525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar