References
- Anderson JO. Dynamics of Occupants in Automotive Accidents Involving Rear Impacts. Warren, MI: Research Laboratories General Motors Corporation; 1961. Report No. R-34–1295.
- Berton R. Whiplash: Tests of the Influential Variables. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1968. SAE 680080.
- Blaisdell DM, Levitt AE, Varat MS. Automotive Seat Design Concepts for Occupant Protection. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1993. SAE 930340.
- Burnett R, Carter J, Roberts V, Myers B. The influence of seatback characteristics on cervical injury risk in severe rear impacts. Accid Anal Prev. 2004;36:591–601.
- James MB, Strother CE, Warner CY, Decker RL, Perl TR. Occupant protection in rear-end collisions: I. Safety priorities and seat belt effectiveness. Paper presented at: 35th Stapp Car Crash Conference; 1991.
- Kihlberg KK. Flexion–Torsion Neck Injury in Rear Impact. 1969. CAL Report No. VJ-2721-R2.
- McGowan JC, Levitt A, Corrigan C, Burnett R, Lucas S. Seatback Strength and Occupant Response in Rear Impact Crash: Observations with Respect to Large Occupant Size and Position. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 2010. SAE 2010–01-1029.
- Mertz HJ, Irwin AL, Prasad P. Biomechanical and scaling bases for frontal and side impact injury assessment reference values. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:155–188.
- Mertz HJ, Irwin AL, Prasad P. Biomechanical and scaling basis for frontal and side impact injury assessment reference values. Stapp Car Crash J. 2016;60:625–657.
- NHTSA. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; seating systems. Termination of rulemaking. Fed Regist. 2004;69:67068–67070.
- Padmanaban J, Burnett R, Levitt A. Seatback Strength as a Predictor of Serious Injury Risk to Belted Drivers and Rear Seat Occupants in Rear-Impact Crashes. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 2016. SAE 2016–01-1512.
- Prasad P, Kim A, Weerappuli DVP. Biofidelity of anthropomorphic test devices for rear impact. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1997b. SAE 973342.
- Prasad P, Kim AS, Weerappuli D, Roberts VL. Relationships between Passenger-Car Seat Back Strength and Occupant Injury Severity in Rear-end Collisions: Field and Laboratory Studies. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1997a. SAE 973343.
- SAE. Instrumentation for impact tests – part 1 – electronic instrumentation. Recommended practice J211–1, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA; March 1995.
- Saunders JW, Molino LN, McKoy FL. Performance of seating systems in a FMVSS No. 301 rear impact crash test. Paper presented at: 18th Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference; 2003.
- Severy DM, Brink HM, Baird JD. Backrest and Head Restraint Design for Rear-end Collision Protection. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1968. SAE 680079.
- Severy DM, Brink HM, Baird JD. Rigid seats with 28-in seatback effectively reduce injuries in 30+ mph rear-end impacts. SAE J. 1969a;77:20–25.
- Severy DM, Brink HM, Baird JD, Blaisdell DM. Safer seat designs. Paper presented at: 13th Stapp Car Crash Conference; 1969b. SAE 690812.
- Severy DM, Mathewson J, Bechtol O. Controlled automobile rear-end collisions and investigation of related engineering and medical phenomena. Can Serv Med J. 1955;11:727–759.
- Strother CE, James MB. Evaluation of seatback strength and seat belt effectiveness in rear end impacts. Paper presented at: 31st Stapp Car Crash Conference; 1987.
- Viano DC. Role of the Seat in Rear Crash Safety. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 2002. SAE R-317:1–491.
- Viano DC, ed. The Debate between Stiff and Yielding Seats: A New Generation of Yielding Seats with High Retention in Rear Crashes. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 2003.
- Viano DC. Seat design principles to reduce neck injuries in rear impacts. Traffic Inj Prev. 2008;9:552–560.
- Viano DC, Parenteau CS. Serious Injury in Very-Low and Very-High Speed Rear Impacts. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 2008. SAE 2008–01-1485.
- Viano DC, Parenteau CS. BioRID dummy responses in matched ABTS and conventional seat tests on the IIHS rear sled. Traffic Inj Prev. 2011;12:339–346.
- Viano DC, Parenteau CS. Effectiveness of the revision to FMVSS 301: FARS and NASS-CDS analysis of fatalities and severe injuries in rear impacts. Accid Anal Prev. 2016;89:1–8.
- Viano DC, Parenteau CS, Burnett R. Rear Impact Tests of Starcraft-Type Seats with Out-of-Position and In-Position Dummies. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 2011. SAE 2011–01-0272.
- Viano DC, Parenteau CS, Burnett R, James M. Influence of Seating Position on Dummy Responses with ABTS Seats in Severe Rear Impacts. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 2009. SAE 2009–01-0250.
- Viano DC, Parenteau CS, Prasad P, Burnett R. Stiff versus Yielding Seats: Analysis of Matched Rear Impact Tests. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 2007. SAE 2007–01-0708.
- Viano DC, Parenteau CS, Prasad P, Burnett R. Occupant Responses in High-Speed Rear Crashes: Analysis of Government-Sponsored Tests. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 2008. SAE 2008–01-0188.
- Viano DC, White S. Seat strength in rear body block tests. Traffic Inj Prev. 2016;17:502–507.
- Warner CY, Strother CE, James MB, Decker RL. Occupant protection in rear-end collisions: II the role of seatback deformation of injury reduction. Paper presented at: 35th Stapp Car Crash Conference; 1991.