References
- Abdollahi, M., A. Isazadeh, and D. Abdollahi. 2013. Imperialist competitive algorithm for solving systems of nonlinear equations. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 65 (12):1894–908. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2013.04.018.
- Alipour, M., M. A. Torabi, M. Sareban, H. Lashini, E. Sadeghi, A. Fazaeli, M. Habibi, and R. Hashemi. 2019. Finite element and experimental method for analyzing the effects of martensite morphologies on the formability of DP steels. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines 48:1–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15397734.2019.1633343.
- Alizadeh Otorabad, H., P. Hosseini Tehrani, and D. Younesian. 2018. 3D transient elasto-plastic finite element analysis of a flatted railway wheel in rolling contact. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines 46 (6):751–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15397734.2018.1457446.
- Atashpaz-Gargari, E., and C. Lucas. 2007. Imperialist competitive algorithm: An algorithm for optimization inspired by imperialistic competition. IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation; 4661–4667, Singapore. Piscataway, New Jersey: IEEE Service Center. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/CEC.2007.4425083.
- Cai, Z., M. Nawafune, N. Ma, Q. Yueo, C. Bin, and M. Hidekazu. 2011. Residual stresses in flash butt welded rail. Transactions of Joining and Welding Research Institute 40 (1):79–87.
- Dai, H. 2012. Modelling Residual Stress and Phase Transformations in Steel Welds. In Neutron Diffraction, edited by I. Khidirov, 49–76. Shanghai: IntechOpen. doi:https://doi.org/10.5772/36016.
- Feulvarch, E., V. Robin, and J. M. Bergheau. 2011. Thermometallurgical and mechanical modelling of welding – application to multipass dissimilar metal girth welds. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 16 (3):221–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1179/1362171811Y.0000000008.
- Gao, Y., and W. Zhao. 2014. Adaptive optimization with weld fatigue constraints based on surrogate model for railway vehicles. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines 42 (2):244–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15397734.2013.852979.
- Ghazanfari, M., and P. Hosseini Tehrani. 2020. Experimental and numerical investigation of the characteristics of flash-butt joints used in continuously welded rails. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 234 (1):65–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0954409719830189.
- Jun, H.-K., D.-W. Kim, I.-S. Jeon, S.-H. Lee, and Y.-S. Chang. 2017. Investigation of residual stresses in a repair‐welded rail head considering solid‐state phase transformation. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures 40 (7):1059–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.12564.
- Lee, S. H., S. H. Kim, Y. S. Chang, and H. K. Jun. 2014. Fatigue life assessment of railway rail subjected to welding residual and contact stresses. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 28 (11):4483–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-014-1016-3.
- Li, H., P. Micenko, A. Muruganant, H. Li, and X. Xu. 2013. Double dip hardness profiles in rail weld heat-affected zone – literature and research review report. Project no. R3.121. Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Programme, Brisbane. http://railknowledgebank.com/Presto/content/GetDoc.axd?ctID=MGU3MGY4ZWQtM2VkMi00ZGE4LTgwNjUtZmJlODI5YjllM2Fk&rID=MTEzNw==&pID=Mzc5&attchmnt=VHJ1ZQ==&uSesDM=False&rIdx=NDk3&rCFU=
- Ma, N., Z. Cai, H. Huang, D. Deng, H. Murakawa, and J. Pan. 2015. Investigation of welding residual stress in flash-butt joint of U71Mn rail steel by numerical simulation and experiment. Materials & Design 88:1296–309. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.08.124.
- Mansouri, H., A. Monshi, and H. Hadavinia. 2004. Effect of local induction heat treatment on the induced residual stresses in the web region of a welded rail. The Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 39 (3):271–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1243/030932404323042696.
- Pont, D., and T. Guichard. 1995. SYSWELD ®: Welding and heat treatment modeling tools. Computational Mechanics 95:248–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79654-8_41.
- Porcaro, R. R., G. L. Faria, L. B. Godefroid, G. R. Apolonio, L. C. Candido, and E. S. Pinto. 2019. Microstructure and mechanical properties of a flash butt welded pearlitic rail. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 270:20–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.02.013.
- Shajan, N., K. S. Arora, V. Sharma, and M. Shome. 2018. Effect of upset pressure on texture evolution and its correlation to toughness in flash butt joints. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 23 (5):434–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2017.1408197.
- Skyttebol, A., B. L. Josefson, and J. W. Ringsberg. 2005. Fatigue crack growth in a welded rail under the influence of residual stresses. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 72 (2):271–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2004.04.009.
- Son, K. J., Y. S. Yang, K. S. Choi, and S. K. Cho. 2003. Fatigue strength evaluation on resistance spot welds of the vehicle body. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines 31 (1):79–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1081/SME-120017110.
- Tawfik, D., P. J. Mutton, and W. K. Chiu. 2008. Experimental and numerical investigations: Alleviating tensile residual stresses in flash-butt welds by localized rapid post-weld heat treatment. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 196 (1-3):279–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.05.055.
- Tawfik, D., P. Mutton, and W. Chiu. 2008. Modifying residual stress levels in rail flash-butt welds using localised rapid post-weld heat treatment and accelerated cooling. International Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering 2 (3/4):126–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1179/174951508X429212.
- Towsyfyan, H., and S. A. Adnani Saleh. 2012. Optimization of bead geometry in submerged arc welding process using imperialist competitive algorithm. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research 2 (12):12582–9.
- Weingrill, L., M. B. Nasiri, and N. Enzinger. 2019. Thermo-metallurgically coupled numerical simulation and validation of multi-layer gas metal arc welding of high strength pearlitic rails. Welding in the World 63 (1):63–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-018-0639-x.
- Weingrill, L., J. Krutzler, and N. Enzinger. 2016. Temperature field evolution during flash-butt welding of railway rails. Paper presented at the THERMEC’2016 – International Conference on Processing & Manufacturing of advanced Materials, Graz, Austria, May 29–June 3. https://pure.tugraz.at/ws/portalfiles/portal/3649217/20160603_LeonhardWEINGRILL_Thermec_v2_KopiePDF.pdf.
- Xia, J., and H. Jin. 2018. Numerical analysis for controlling residual stresses in welding design of dissimilar materials girth joints. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing 19 (1):57–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-018-0007-1.