The Impact of a Therapy Dog Team on Medical Students’ Physiological Stress and Perceived Anxiety Prior to an Exam

References

• Afzal, H., Afzal, S., Siddique, S. A., & Naqvi, S. A. (2012). Measures used by medical students to reduce test anxiety. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 62(9), 982–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiken, J., & Cadmus, F. (2011). Who let the dog out? Implementing a successful therapy dog program in an academic law library. Trends in Law Library Management and Technology, 21, 13–18.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Dubai, S. A. R., Al-Naggar, R. A., AlShagga, M. A., & Rampal, K. G. (2011). Stress and coping strategies of students in a medical faculty in Malaysia. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 18(3), 57–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alotaibi, A. D., Alosaimi, F. M., Alajlan, A. A., & Abdulrahman, K. A. B. (2020). The relationship between sleep quality, stress, and academic performance among medical students. Journal of Family & Community Medicine, 27(1), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfcm.JFCM_132_19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, S. B., Barker, R. T., McCain, N. L., & Schubert, C. M. (2016). A randomized cross-over exploratory study of the effect of visiting therapy dogs on college student stress before final exams. Anthrozoös, 29(1), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2015.1069988
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, A. (2013). Paws for a study break: Running an animal-assisted therapy program at the Gerstein Science Information Centre. The Canadian Journal of Library and Information Practice and Research, 8(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.21083/partnership.v8i1.2403
   Google Scholar
• Binfet, J. T., Passmore, H. A., Cebry, A., Struik, K., & McKay, C. (2018). Reducing university students’ stress through a drop-in canine-therapy program. Journal of Mental Health, 27(3), 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2017.1417551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binfet, J. T. (2017). The effects of group-administered canine therapy on university students’ wellbeing: A randomized controlled trial. Anthrozoös, 30(3), 397–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2017.1335097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratman, G. N., Hamilton, J. P., & Daily, G. C. (2012). The impacts of nature experience on human cognitive function and mental health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1249(1), 118–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06400.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brisson, S., Purkey, S., & Brisson, M. (2017). Medical student’s attitudes regarding the impact of a therapy dog program on anxiety levels: A pilot study. Journal of Psychiatry Depression & Anxiety, 3(10), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.24966/PDA-0150/100010
   Google Scholar
• Campanini, M. (2019). The benefits of a therapy dog in the school setting. Independent Education, 49(3), 28–29.
   Google Scholar
• Chastain, T., Fine, A, Stewart, L. A, and Pet, Partners. (2020). Animal-related engagement: Another way to maintain the human-animal bond When Personal Interaction Is Not Possible. [White paper]. https://petpartners.org/blog/animal-related-engagement-another-way-to-maintain-the-human-animal-bond/
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, J. A., Green, B., Garthe, R. C., Worthington, J., . E., Barker, L., S. B., & Ingram, K. M. (2016). The Coleman dog attitude scale (C-DAS): Development, refinement, validation, and reliability. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 176, 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2016.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke, R., Bewick, B. M., Barkham, M., Bradley, M., & Audin, K. (2006). Measuring, monitoring and managing the psychological well-being of first year university students. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 34(4), 505–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880600942624
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelisse, S., van Stegeren, A. H., & Joels, M. (2011). Implications of psychosocial stress on memory formation in a typical male versus female sample. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36(4), 569–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey, H. M., Barratt, A. L., Butow, P. N., & Deeks, J. J. (2007). A one-item question with a Likert or Visual Analog Scale adequately measured current anxiety. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60 (4) , 356–360 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.07.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado, C., Toukonen, M., & Wheeler, C. (2018). Effect of canine play interventions as a stress reduction strategy in college students. Nurse Educator, 43(3), 149–153. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000000451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driscoll, R. (2007). Westside test anxiety scale validation. ERIC, 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Dyrbye, L. N., Thomas, M. R., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2005). Medical student distress: Causes, consequences, and proposed solutions. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 80(12), 1613–1622. https://doi.org/10.4065/80.12.1613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyrbye, L. N., Thomas, M. R., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2006). Systematic review of depression, anxiety, and other indicators of psychological distress among US and Canadian medical students. Academic Medicine, 81(4), 354–373. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888–200604000–00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easter Seals Dogs on Call, 2020. Training/Certification.https://dogsoncall.com/training%2Fcertification
   Google Scholar
• Farooqi, Y. N., Ghani, R., & Spielberger, C. D. (2012). Gender differences in test anxiety and academic performance of medical students. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 38–43. http://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijpbs.20120202.06
   Google Scholar
• Fiocco, A. J., & Hunse, A. M. (2017). The buffer effect of therapy dog exposure on stress reactivity in undergraduate students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(7), 707–718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fries, E., Dettenborn, L., & Kirschbaum, C. (2009). The cortisol awakening response (CAR): Facts and future directions. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 72(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grajfoner, D., Harte, E., Potter, L. M., & McGuigan, N. (2017). The effect of dog-assisted intervention on student well-being, mood, and anxiety. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(5), 483–492. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, D. (2018). Nursing campus therapy dog: A pilot study. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 13(4), 202–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2018.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heins, M., Fahey, S. N., & Henderson, R. C. (1983). Law students and medical students: A comparison of perceived stress. Journal of Legal Education, 33(3), 511–525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe, A., Smajdor, A., & Stöckl, A. (2012). Towards an understanding of resilience and its relevance to medical training. Medical Education, 46(4), 349–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04188.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, B. M. (2005). Study, examinations, and stress: Blood pressure assessments in college students. Educational Review, 57(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013191042000274169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam, S., Spruin, E., & Fernandez, A. (2017). The benefits of therapy dogs on student well-being within a UK university. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences International Journal, 7(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.19080/PBSIJ.2017.07.555702
   Google Scholar
• Jadoon, N. A., Yaqoob, R., Raza, A., Shehzad, M. A., & Zeshan, S. C. (2010). Anxiety and depression among medical students: A cross-sectional study. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 60(8), 699–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalongo, M. R., Astorino, T., & Bomboy, N. (2004). Canine visitors: The influence of therapy dogs on young children’s learning and well-being in classrooms and hospitals. Early Childhood Education Journal, 32(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ECEJ.0000039638.60714.5f
   Google Scholar
• Jarolmen, J., & Patel, G. (2018). The effects of animal-assisted activities on college students before and after a final exam. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 13(3), 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/15401383.2018.1425941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumari, A., & Jain, J. (2014). Examination stress and anxiety: A study of college students. Global Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(1), 31–40.
   Google Scholar
• Lannon, A., & Harrison, P. (2015). Take a paws: Fostering student wellness with a therapy dog program at your university library. Public Services Quarterly, 11(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228959.2014.984264
   Google Scholar
• Lyndon, M. P., Strom, J. M., Alyami, H. M., Yu, T. C., Wilson, N. C., Singh, P. P., Lemanu, P., Yielder, J., & Hill, A. G. (2014). The relationship between academic assessment and psychological distress among medical students: A systematic review. Perspectives on Medical Education, 3(6), 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-014-0148–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maller, C., Townsend, M., Pryor, A., Brown, P., & St Leger, L. (2006). Healthy nature healthy people: Contact with nature as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations. Health Promotion International, 21(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dai032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx, M. S., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Regier, N. G., Dakheel-Ali, M., Srihari, A., & Thein, K. (2010). The impact of different dog-related stimuli on engagement of persons with dementia. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias, 25(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317508326976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, S., McDonald, E., & Roberts, A. (2017). Effects of novel dog exposure on college students’ stress prior to examination. North American Journal of Psychology, 19(2), 477–484.
   Google Scholar
• Moreira de Sousa, J., Moreira, C. A., & Telles Correia, D. (2018). Anxiety, depression and academic performance: A study amongst Portuguese medical students versus non-medical students. Acta Medica Portuguesa, 31(9), 454–462. https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.9996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partners, P., 2021. Terminology. https://petpartners.org/learn/terminology/
   Google Scholar
• Pendry, P., Carr, A. M., Roeter, S. M., & Vandagriff, J. L. (2018). Experimental trial demonstrates effects of animal-assisted stress prevention program on college students’ positive and negative emotion. Human-Animal Interaction Bulletin, 6(1), 81–97.
   Google Scholar
• Pendry, P., & Vandagriff, J. L. (2019). Animal visitation program reduces cortisol levels of university students: A randomized controlled trial. Aera Open, 5(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858419852592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradhan, G., Mendinca, N. L., & Kar, M. (2014). Evaluation of examination stress and its effect on cognitive function among first year medical students. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 8(8), 5–7. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/9014.4680
   Google Scholar
• Preub, D., Schoofs, D., Schlotz, W., & Wolf, O. T. (2010). The stressed student: Influence of written examinations and oral presentations on salivary cortisol concentrations in university students. The International Journal on the Biology of Stress, 13(3), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890903277579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putwain, D. W. (2008). Examination stress and test anxiety. Psychologist, 21(12), 1026–1029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, R., Guerry, A. D., Balvanera, P., Gould, R. K., Basurto, X., Chan, K. M., Klain, S., Levine, J., & Tam, J. (2013). Humans and nature: How knowing and experiencing nature affect well-being. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 38, 473–502. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ–012312–110838
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saipanish, R. (2003). Stress among medical students in a Thai medical school. Medical Teacher, 25(5), 502–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159031000136716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saravanan, C., Kingston, R., & Gin, M. (2014). Is test anxiety a problem among medical students: A cross sectional study on outcome of test anxiety among medical students? International Journal of Psychological Studies, 6(3), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v6n3p24
   Google Scholar
• Singh, R., Goyal, M., Tiwari, S., Ghildiyal, A., Nattu, S. M., & Das, S. (2012). Effect of examination stress on mood, performance, and cortisol levels in medical students. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 56(1), 48–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sohail, N. (2013). Stress and academic performance among medical students. Journal of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 23(1), 67–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stallman, H. M. (2010). Psychological distress in university students: A comparison with general population data. Australian Psychologist, 45(4), 249–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050067.2010.482109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storrie, K., Ahern, K., & Tuckett, A. (2010). A systematic review: Students with mental health problems—a growing problem. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 16(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-172X.2009.01813.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thelwell, E. L. R. (2019). Paws for thought: A controlled study investigating the benefits of interacting with a house-trained dog on university students’ mood and anxiety. Animals, 9(10), 846–871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9100846
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trammell, J. P. (2017). The effect of therapy dogs on exam stress and memory. Anthrozoös, 30(4), 607–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2017.1370244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trammell, J. P. (2019). Therapy dogs improve student affect but not memory. Anthrozoös, 32(5), 691–699. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2019.1645514
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward-Griffin, E., Klaiber, P., Collins, H. K., Owens, R. L., Coren, S., & Chen, F. S. (2018). Petting away pre-exam stress: The effect of therapy dog sessions on student well-being. Stress and Health, 34(3), 468–473. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weekes, N., Lewis, R., Patel, F., Garrison-Jakel, J., Berger, D. E., & Lupien, S. J. (2006). Examination stress as an ecological inducer of cortisol and psychological response to stress in undergraduate students. The International Journal on the Biology of Stress, 9(4), 199–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890601029751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wust, S., Wolf, J., Hellhammer, D. H., Federenko, I., Schommer, N., & Kirschbaum, C. (2000). The cortisol awakening response-normal values and confounds. Noise & Health, 2(7), 79–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yusoff, M. S. B. (2011). Effects of a brief stress reduction intervention on medical students’ depression, anxiety, and stress level during stressful period. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 12(1), 1–14.
   Google Scholar