The Prevalence of Sleep Disturbances and Sleep Quality in Older Chinese Adults: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis

References

• Alessi, C., & Vitiello, M. V. (2011). Insomnia (primary) in older people. BMJ Clinical Evidence, 2011, 1–31.
   Google Scholar
• APA (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Association of Sleep Disorders Centers and the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep. (1979). Diagnostic classification of sleep and arousal disorders. Sleep, 2, 1–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayoub, A. I., Attia, M., El Kady, H. M., & Ashour, A. (2014). Insomnia among community dwelling elderly in Alexandria, Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 89, 136–142. doi:10.1097/01.EPX.0000456621.42258.79
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blanco, M., Kriguer, N., Perez Lloret, S., & Cardinali, D. P. (2003). Attitudes towards treatment among patients suffering from sleep disorders. A Latin American survey. BMC Family Practice, 4, 17. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-4-17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blumel, J. E., Cano, A., Mezones-Holguin, E., Baron, G., Bencosme, A., Benitez, Z., . . . Chedraui, P. (2012). A multinational study of sleep disorders during female mid-life. Maturitas, 72, 359–366. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.05.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broman, J. E., Smedje, H., Mallon, L., & Hetta, J. (2008). The Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale (MISS): A brief measure of sleeping difficulties. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 113, 131–142. doi:10.3109/2000-1967-221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buysse, D. J., Ancoli-Israel, S., Edinger, J. D., Lichstein, K. L., & Morin, C. M. (2006). Recommendations for a standard research assessment of insomnia. Sleep, 29, 1155–1173. doi:10.1093/sleep/29.9.1155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., 3rd, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28, 193–213. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cable, N., Chandola, T., Aida, J., Sekine, M., & Netuveli, G. (2017). Can sleep disturbance influence changes in mental health status? Longitudinal research evidence from ageing studies in England and Japan. Sleep Medicine, 30, 216–221. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.11.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, X. L., Wang, S. B., Zhong, B. L., Zhang, L., Ungvari, G. S., Ng, C. H., . . . De Souza, R. J. (2017). The prevalence of insomnia in the general population in China: A meta-analysis. PloS ONE, 12, e0170772. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, X. L., Zhong, B. L., Xiang, Y. T., Ungvari, G. S., Lai, K. Y., Chiu, H. F., & Caine, E. D. (2015). Prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in the general population of China: A meta-analysis. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 49, 296–308. doi:10.1177/0091217415589306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterji, S., Kowal, P., Mathers, C., Naidoo, N., Verdes, E., Smith, J. P., & Suzman, R. (2008). The health of aging populations in China and India. Health Affairs (Millwood), 27, 1052–1063. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.27.4.1052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C. X., Yue, J. L., & Li, J. M. (2006). Research about the sleep disorder and influencing factors of the aged among 22 provinces. Journal of North China Medical College, 8, 749–751.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., Yin, Z., & Xie, Q. (2014). Suggestions to ameliorate the inequity in urban/rural allocation of healthcare resources in China. International Journal for Equity in Health, 13, 34. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-13-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, H. F. K., Leung, T., Lam, L. C. W., Wing, Y. K., Chung, D. W. S., Li, S. W., Chi, I., Law, W.T., Boey, K. W. (1999). Sleep problems in Chinese elderly in Hong Kong. Sleep, 22, 717–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chueh, K. H., Yang, M. S., Chen, C. S., Chiu, S. M. (2009). Poor sleep quality and alcohol use problems among elderly Taiwanese aboriginal women. International Psychogeriatrics, 21, 593–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (2015). Statistical communique on social services development. Beijing, China: National Bureau of Statistics of China.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Dai, J., Chiu, H. F., Xiang, Y. T., Chan, S. S., Yu, X., Hou, Z. J., . . . Caine, E. D. (2013). The prevalence of insomnia and its socio-demographic and clinical correlates in older adults in rural China: A pilot study. Aging & Mental Health, 17, 761–765. doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.781117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobrosielski, D. A., Phan, P., Miller, P., Bohlen, J., Douglas-Burton, T., & Knuth, N. D. (2016). Associations between vasodilatory capacity, physical activity and sleep among younger and older adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 116, 495–502. doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3300-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzaja, A., Arber, S., Hislop, J., Kerkhofs, M., Kopp, C., Pollmacher, T., . . . Porkka-Heiskanen, T. (2005). Women’s sleep in health and disease. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 39, 55–76. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.05.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyvazlou, M., Zarei, E., Rahimi, A., & Abazari, M. (2016). Association between overuse of mobile phones on quality of sleep and general health among occupational health and safety students. Chronobiology International, 33, 293–300. doi:10.3109/07420528.2015.1135933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, L. F., Huang, Q. T., Chen, Y. R., Huang, W. D., He, J. C., Li, S. Y. (2013). Investigation on sleep quality and fasting blood glucose level of middle and elderly people in Jiangmen city. The International Medical Health Guides, 19, 1234–1236.
   Google Scholar
• Galimi, R. (2010). Insomnia in the elderly: An update and future challenges. G Gerontology, 58, 231–247.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, Y. L., Wei, Y. B., Shen, Y. D., Tang, Y. Y., & Yang, J. R. (2014). China’s empty nest elderly need better care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 62, 1821–1822. doi:10.1111/jgs.12997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, Y., Xu, G. M., Yin, H. F. (2015). Epidemiologic study on sleep quality of community population aged 18 years or over in Tianjin. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 29, 199–203.
   Google Scholar
• Gureje, O., Makanjuola, V. A., & Kola, L. (2007). Insomnia and role impairment in the community: Results from the Nigerian survey of mental health and wellbeing. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 495–501. doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0183-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, X. C., & Xu, S. J. (2011). Study on the relationship between sleep health level and exercise in the elderly. China Modern Medicine, 18, 142–144.
   Google Scholar
• Hao, X. J., Chen, C. X., Feng, L. N., Li, S. X., Zhao, Y. N., Li, J. M., Li, D. (2015). The correlation analysis between the hypertension, heart disease, diabetes and sleep quality of the elderly people in urban and rural area. Modern Preventive Medicine, 42, 89–91.
   Google Scholar
• Hartmann, J. A., Carney, C. E., Lachowski, A., & Edinger, J. D. (2015). Exploring the construct of subjective sleep quality in patients with insomnia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76, e768–e773. doi:10.4088/JCP.14m09066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellstrom, A., Hagell, P., Fagerstrom, C., & Willman, A. (2010). Measurement properties of the Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale (MISS) in an elderly population in Sweden. BMC Geriatrics, 10, 84. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-10-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P.T, & Green, S., eds. (2011). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.1.0. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Retrieved from www.handbook.cochrane.org
   Google Scholar
• Hislop, J., & Arber, S. (2003). Understanding women’s sleep management: Beyond medicalization-healthicization? Sociology of Health & Illness, 25, 815–837. doi:10.1046/j.1467-9566.2003.00371.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C. Q., Bi-Rong, D., Yan, Z. (2012). Association between sleep quality and cognitive impairment among Chinese nonagenarians/centenarians. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 29, 250–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, Y. W., Ho, C. H., Wang, J. J., Hsieh, K. Y., Weng, S. F., Wu, M. P. (2013). Longitudinal trends of the healthcare-seeking prevalence and incidence of insomnia in Taiwan: an 8-year nationally representative study. Sleep Medicine, 14, 843–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabrita, C. S., & Hajjar-Muca, T. A. (2016). Sex-specific sleep patterns among university students in Lebanon: Impact on depression and academic performance. Nature and Science of Sleep, 8, 189–196. doi:10.2147/NSS.S104383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, J. X., Zeng, H., Wang, P. (2011). Correlation between sleep quality and cognitive functions of the elderly in community. Chinese General Practice, 14, 439–441, 445.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, K. W., Kang, S. H., Yoon, I. Y., Lee, S. D., Ju, G., Han, J. W., . . . Kim, T. (2017). Prevalence and clinical characteristics of insomnia and its subtypes in the Korean elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 68, 68–75. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2016.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leger, D., Guilleminault, C., Dreyfus, J. P., Delahaye, C., & Paillard, M. (2000). Prevalence of insomnia in a survey of 12,778 adults in France. Journal of Sleep Research, 9, 35–42. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00178.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., Yao, Y. S., Dong, Q., Dong, Y. H., Liu, J. J., Yang, L. S., Huang, F. (2013). Characterization and factors associated with sleep quality among rural elderly in China. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 56, 237–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, K. Q., Sun, X. L., Cui, L. J., Jiang, Q. P., Cui, Z., Gao, L. H., Zhang, Y., Yan, B. P., Li, J. F., Liu, Y. Q., Han, Y. C., Yang, L. H., Lv, H., Wang, X. Z., Chen, N. (2008). A survey on sleep quality of the people aged over 18 years old in Hebei province. Chinese Journal of Mental Health 22, 302–305, 318.
   Google Scholar
• Li, S. X., Lam, S. P., Zhang, J., Yu, M. W., Chan, J. W., Chan, C. S., . . . Wing, Y.-K. (2016a). Sleep disturbances and suicide risk in an 8-year longitudinal study of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Sleep, 39, 1275–1282. doi:10.5665/sleep.5852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., Cao, X. L., Zhong, B. L., Ungvari, G. S., Chiu, H. F., Lai, K. Y., . . . Xiang, Y.-T. (2016b). Smoking in male patients with schizophrenia in China: A meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 162, 146–153. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, H. (2014). Sleep disorder among elderly population in Kelamayi of Xingjiang Uygur Autonomous region: a cross-sectional study. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 30, 586–589.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, H. L., Zhang, R. L., Xu, D. M. (2009). Correlation analysis of sleep quality and influencing factors among the elderly in community. Chinese General Nursing, 7, 2823–2825.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, J. F., Chen, Z., He, X. P., Yang, F. K., Shen, H. F. (2014). Sleep quality and influencing factors of old people in community of Changsha. Chinese Journal of Gerontology, 34, 3731–3733.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, L. Q., Wang, R. Z., Liu, X. C., Liu, Z. X., Ma, D. D., Zhao, G. F, . . . Li, C. Q. (2002). Study on sleep quality and its related factors in the elderly. Chinese Journal of Gerontology, 22, 437–440.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, X. C., Tang, M. Q., Hu, L., Wang, A. Z., Wu, H. X., Zhao, G. F., . . . Li, W. S. (1996). Reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Chinese Journal of Psychiatry, 29, 103–107.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Lam, S. P., Yu, M. W., Li, S. X., Zhou, J., . . . Wing, Y.-K. (2016). Help-seeking behaviors for insomnia in Hong Kong Chinese: A community-based study. Sleep Medicine, 21, 106–113. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, J., Huang, G., Liang, W., Liang, B., Chen, Q., Xie, J., . . . Su, L. (2014). The prevalence of schizophrenia in mainland China: Evidence from epidemiological surveys. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 130, 244–256. doi:10.1111/acps.2014.130.issue-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, J., Zhu, G., Zhao, Q., Guo, Q., Meng, H., Hong, Z., Ding, D. (2013). Prevalence and risk factors of poor sleep quality among Chinese elderly in an urban community: Results from the Shanghai aging study. PLoS One, 8, e81261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, W., Hui, P. L., Zhao, L. J., Wei, X. Q., Wang, J. F., Su, X. Y., Zhou, L. Y., Xie, Y. P. (2015). Analysis of sleep qualtiy and influencing factors of elderly people in Lanzhou city. Chinese Journal of Health Standard Management, 6, 6–7.
   Google Scholar
• Mazza, M., Della Marca, G., De Risio, S., Mennuni, G. F., & Mazza, S. (2004). Sleep disorders in the elderly. Clinical Therapeutics, 155, 391–394.
   Google Scholar
• Nowicki, Z., Grabowski, K., Cubala, W. J., Nowicka-Sauer, K., Zdrojewski, T., Rutkowski, M., & Bandosz, P. (2016). Prevalence of self-reported insomnia in general population of Poland. Psychiatria Polska, 50, 165–173. doi:10.12740/PP/58771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohayon, M. M. (2002). Epidemiology of insomnia: What we know and what we still need to learn. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 6, 97–111. doi:10.1053/smrv.2002.0186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohayon, M. M., & Partinen, M. (2002). Insomnia and global sleep dissatisfaction in Finland. Journal of Sleep Research, 11, 339–346. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00317.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohayon, M. M., & Roth, T. (2001). What are the contributing factors for insomnia in the general population? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 51, 745–755. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00285-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okubo, N., Matsuzaka, M., Takahashi, I., Sawada, K., Sato, S., Akimoto, N., . . . Nakaji, S. (2014). Relationship between self-reported sleep quality and metabolic syndrome in general population. BMC Public Health, 14, 562. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, J. Y., Zhang, M., Wang, M., Zai, P. X., Wei, H. C., Ye, D. Q., Huang, F. (2010). Study on sleeping quality and loneliness among elderly people in rural area of Anhui Province. Chinese Journal of Disease Control, 14, 335–337.
   Google Scholar
• Qian, Q. X., Fang, Y., Mao, W., Xiong, L. M., Wang, X. L., Cao, Y. T., Yu, D. D., Su, P. Y. (2011). Analysis on the status and its influential factors of sleep disorders in rural elderly in Anhui Province. Chinese Journal of Geriatrics, 30, 690–692.
   Google Scholar
• Qu, X. T., Cao, M. R., Li, X. B., Zhang, J. M., Zhao, S., Yuan, L. Y., . . . Wang. C. (2011). Sleep quality and its influencing factors in the elderly. Chinese Journal of Gerontology, 31, 852–853.
   Google Scholar
• Quan, S. A., Li, Y. C., Li, W. J., Li, Y., Jeong, J. Y., & Kim, D. H. (2016). Gender differences in sleep disturbance among elderly Koreans: Hallym aging study. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 31, 1689–1695. doi:10.3346/jkms.2016.31.11.1689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, S. A., & Ebben, M. R. (2017). The cost of insomnia and the benefit of increased access to evidence-based treatment: Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 12, 39–46. doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2016.10.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riemann, D., Nissen, C., Palagini, L., Otte, A., Perlis, M. L., & Spiegelhalder, K. (2015). The neurobiology, investigation, and treatment of chronic insomnia. The Lancet. Neurology, 14, 547–558. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00021-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, T. (2007). Insomnia: Definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 3, S7–S10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soldatos, C. R., Dikeos, D. G., & Paparrigopoulos, T. J. (2000). Athens insomnia scale: Validation of an instrument based on ICD-10 criteria. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 48, 555–560. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(00)00095-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, A. Q., Chen, C. X., Xing, Y. (2011). Analysis of sleep quality and risk factors of elderly in community in Tangshan city. Chinese Journal of Nursing Research, 25, 298–299.
   Google Scholar
• Song, R., Li, Z., Li, H. M. (2015). Sleep quality and its influencing factors of old people in a community of Shanghai. China Health Care & Nutrition, 25, 318–319.
   Google Scholar
• Su, D., Wu, X. N., Zhang, Y. X., Li, H. P., Wang, W. L., Zhang, J. P., & Zhou, L. S. (2012). Depression and social support between China’ rural and urban empty-nest elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 55, 564–569. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, T. P., Huang, S. R., Chou, P. (2004). Prevalence and risk factors of insomnia in community-dwelling Chinese elderly: a Taiwanese urban area survey. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38, 706–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, D., Shao, H., Li, C., & Tao, M. (2014). Sleep disturbance and correlates in menopausal women in Shanghai. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 76, 237–241. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, J. (2011). Sleep quality and related factors among the urban elderly in Changsha city, Hunan province. Changsha, China: Central South University.
   Google Scholar
• Tsai, P. S., Wang, S. Y., Wang, M. Y., Su, C. T., Yang, T. T., Huang, C. J., & Fang, S.-C. (2005). Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (CPSQI) in primary insomnia and control subjects. Qualitative Life Researcher, 14, 1943–1952. doi:10.1007/s11136-005-4346-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gotzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. PLoS Medicine, 4, e296. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Q., and Li, X. M. (2012). Study on sleep quality of elderly in communities in Xi’an city and its influencing factors. Chinese Nursing Research, 26, 591–594.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, T., Zhang, Y. Q., Gu, D. (2015). Depressive Status and influencing factors of aged people in a community of Changchun. Chinese Journal of Gerontology, 35, 3120–3121.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, T. Y., Pan, C. X., He, X. Z., Ye, X. E. (2012). Analysis of psychological factors related to sleep disorder in elderly. Contemporary Medicine, 18, 74–76.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X. J., Liu, C. R. (2015). Analysis and improvement measures of sleep quality compliance of rural elderly. Psychologist, 21, 191–192.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. M., Chen, H. G., Song, M., Xu, S. J., Yu, L. L., Wang, L., . . . Lu, L. (2016). Prevalence of insomnia and its risk factors in older individuals: A community-based study in four cities of Hebei Province, China. Sleep Medicine, 19, 116–122. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.10.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winsper, C., Ganapathy, R., Marwaha, S., Large, M., Birchwood, M., & Singh, S. P. (2013). A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of aggression during the first episode of psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 128, 413–421. doi:10.1111/acps.2013.128.issue-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise, J. (2017). Insomnia is linked to higher risk of developing asthma. BMJ, 356, j591. doi:10.1136/bmj.j591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, W. S., Fielding, R. (2011). Prevalence of insomnia among Chinese adults in Hong Kong: A population‐based study. Journal of Sleep Research, 20, 117–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, C. Y., Su, T. P., Fang, C.L., Yeh Chang, M. (2012). Sleep quality among community-dwelling elderly people and its demographic, mental, and physical correlates. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 75, 75–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, X. Q., Zhu, H. Y., Huang, P., Xia, Z. C., Zheng, Y. F., Liu, Y., Han, Q., Wang, X. Q., Xu, Z. Y., You, Y. (2012). A survey on the status of insomnia in Yanji community of Shanghai. Journal of Chinese Community Doctors, 14, 364–365.
   Google Scholar
• Xiang, Y.-T., Ma, X., Cai, Z.-J., Li, S.-R., Xiang, Y.-Q., Guo, H.-L., . . . Ungvari, G. S. (2008). The prevalence of insomnia, its sociodemographic and clinical correlates, and treatment in rural and urban regions of Beijing, China: A general population-based survey. Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research, 31, 1655–1662. doi:10.1093/sleep/31.12.1655
   Google Scholar
• Xie, L. Q., Zhang, J. P., Peng, F., & Jiao, N. N. (2010). Prevalence and related influencing factors of depressive symptoms for empty-nest elderly living in the rural area of YongZhou, China. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 50, 24–29. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2009.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, Z., & Chen, L. Z. (2010). Epidemiological investigation on sleep behavior in rural elderly people. Chinese Journal of Clinical Research, 27, 956–958.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, H. L., Zhang, D. Z. (2013). Correlation study between sleep quality and coping style, personality characteristics of elderly people in Liaocheng City. Chinese Journal of Psychiatry, 26, 373–375.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, L. (2015). The study for the association between social capital of the elderly living in community and sleeping disorder. Hefei, China: Anhui Medical University.
   Google Scholar
• Yao, K. W., Yu, S., Cheng, S. P., Chen, I. J. (2008). Relationships between personal, depression and social network factors and sleep quality in community-dwelling older adults. Journal of Nursing Research, 16, 131–139.
   Google Scholar
• Ye, M. F., Ding, C. L., Yu, Y. Y., Qian, W. D., Feng, W. J., Zhang, T., Zhang, H., Xiong, Z. K., Xing, H. Y. (2016). Sleep quality and its influencing factors of rural elderly in Zhejiang Province. Chinese Journal of Gerontology, 36, 1183–1185.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, B., & Wing, Y. K. (2006). Sex differences in insomnia: A meta-analysis. Sleep, 29, 85–93. doi:10.1093/sleep/29.1.85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C. P., You, Q. Y., Wu, L. L., Tian, S. L., Sun, Y. N., Wang, Y. F., Wang, P. (2009). Senile insomnia epidemiological investigation in Wuchang district of Wuhan city. Chinese Journal of Chinese Medicine Information, 16, 22–24.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J. X., Liu, N., Chen, G. L., Shan, M. S., Liu, X. H., Yang, Q. F., Cui, H. (2014). Sleep quality in community elderhood elderly people and related factors. Chinese Journal of Health Care Medicine, 16, 94–97.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J. X., Lu, C. H., Tang, J. S., Qiu, H. M., Liu, L. F., Wang, S. B., Wang, A. Z., Zhang, T. L., Zhang, T. L., Zhang, S. D., Jiang, Y. H., Zhao, C. Y., Hu, B. Y., Cao, X. Y. (2008). A sleep quality investigation of the people aged 60 and above of Shandong province. Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medical Science, 17, 41–44.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q. H., Jiang, Z. X., Sun, Y., Yi, Z. Y., Lin, H., Xia, A. X., Tian, L. (2005). A survey on sleeping status and its influencing factors in 18997 middle-aged and elderly men in Beijing. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation, 9, 1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, L. Q., Hu, F. Y., (2011). Prevalence of sleep disorders among 3173 elderly in Taiyuan city: a cross-sectional study. Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 32, 260–263.
   Google Scholar
• Zhong, X. X., Ding, H., Tong, X. Y., Zou, S. N. (2016). Health subjective evaluation among the elderly in industrial cluster district. Chinese Journal of Rural Health Service Administration, 36, 214–217.
   Google Scholar
• Zhuang, J., Zhan, Y., Zhang, F., Tang, Z., Wang, J., Sun, Y., Ding, R., Hu, D., Yu, J. (2016). Self-reported insomnia and coronary heart disease in the elderly. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 38, 51–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar