1,796
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
CLINICAL REVIEW

Mortality in COPD: Inevitable or Preventable? Insights from the Cardiovascular Arena

Pages 187-200 | Published online: 02 Jul 2009

REFERENCES

  • Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, http://www.goldcopd.com/Guidelineitem.asp?l1=2&l2=1&intId =989 (accessed May 2007)Updated 2006
  • Balasubramanian V P, Varkey B. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effects beyond the lungs. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2006; 12: 106–112
  • World Health Organization. 2006, http://www.who.int/respiratory/copd/burden/en/index.html(accessed October 2006)COPD:Burden
  • Mathers C D, Loncar D. Updated projections of global mortality and burden of disease. October, 2005, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/bodprojectionspaper.pdf (accessed August 2006)2002–2030: data sources, methods and results. Evidence and information for policy, World Health Organization
  • Jemal A, Ward E, Hao Y, Thun M. Trends in the leading causes of death in the United States, 1970–2002. JAMA 2005; 294: 1255–1259
  • Unal B, Critchley J A, Capewell S. Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in England and Wales between 1981 and 2000. Circulation 2004; 109: 1101–1107
  • Unal B, Critchley J A, Capewell S. Modelling the decline in coronary heart disease deaths in England and Wales, 1981–2000: comparing contributions from primary prevention and secondary prevention. BMJ 2005; 331: 614
  • Ramsay S E, Whincup P H, Lawlor D A, Papacosta O, Lennon L T, Thomas M C, Ebrahim S, Morris R W. Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in older patients after the national service framework: population based study. BMJ 2006; 332: 144–145
  • Pedersen T R, Wilhelmsen L, Faergeman O, Strandberg T E, Thorgeirsson G, Troedsson L, Kristianson J, Berg K, Cook T J, Haghfelt T, Kjekshus J, Miettinen T, Olsson A G, Pyorala K, Wedel H. Follow-up study of patients randomized in the Scandinavian simvastatin survival study (4S) of cholesterol lowering. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86: 257–262
  • West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Influence of pravastatin and plasma lipids on clinical events in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS). Circulation 1998; 97: 1440–1445
  • Koren M J, Hunninghake D B. Clinical outcomes in managed-care patients with coronary heart disease treated aggressively in lipid-lowering disease management clinics: the alliance study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 1772–1779
  • Anthonisen N R, Skeans M A, Wise R A, Manfreda J, Kanner R E, Connett J E. The effects of a smoking cessation intervention on 14.5-year mortality: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 233–239
  • Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: a clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1980; 93: 391–398
  • Medical Research Council Working Party. Long term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Report of the Medical Research Council Working Party. Lancet 1981; 1: 681–686
  • Gan W Q, Man S F, Senthilselvan A, Sin D D. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Thorax 2004; 59: 574–580
  • Sidney S, Sorel M, Quesenberry C P, Jr., De Luise C, Lanes S, Eisner M D. COPD and incident cardiovascular disease hospitalizations and mortality: Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program. Chest 2005; 128: 2068–2075
  • Donaldson G C, Seemungal T A, Patel I S, Bhowmik A, Wilkinson T M, Hurst J R, Maccallum P K, Wedzicha J A. Airway and systemic inflammation and decline in lung function in patients with COPD. Chest 2005; 128: 1995–2004
  • Man S F, Connett J E, Anthonisen N R, Wise R A, Tashkin D P, Sin D D. C-reactive protein and mortality in mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2006; 61: 849–853
  • Sin D D, Tu J V. Inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of mortality and readmission in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 580–584
  • Soriano J B, Vestbo J, Pride N B, Kiri V, Maden C, Maier W C. Survival in COPD patients after regular use of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol in general practice. Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 819–825
  • Sin D D, Man S F. Inhaled corticosteroids and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: does the dose matter?. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 260–266
  • Tkacova R, Toth S, Sin D D. Inhaled corticosteroids and survival in COPD patients receiving long-term home oxygen therapy. Respir Med 2006; 100: 385–392
  • Sin D D, Wu L, Anderson J A, Anthonisen N R, Buist A S, Burge P S, Calverley P M, Connett J E, Lindmark B, Pauwels R A, Postma D S, Soriano J B, Szafranski W, Vestbo J. Inhaled corticosteroids and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2005; 60: 992–997
  • Macie C, Wooldrage K, Manfreda J, Anthonisen N R. Inhaled corticosteroids and mortality in COPD. Chest 2006; 130: 640–646
  • Soriano J B, Kiri V A, Pride N B, Vestbo J. Inhaled corticosteroids with/without long-acting β -agonists reduce the risk of rehospitalization and death in COPD patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 2: 67–74
  • Mapel D W, Hurley J S, Roblin D, Roberts M, Davis K J, Schreiner R, Frost F J. Survival of COPD patients using inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta agonists. Respir Med 2006; 100: 595–609
  • Calverley P, Jones P, Larsson T, et al. Preventing mortality in COPD: the value of inhaled budesonide added to bronchodilators. Poster presented at Fifth International Multidisciplinary Conference on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD5). BirminghamUK Jun 28-30, 2006, Abstract 35
  • Mapel D W. Treatment implications on morbidity and mortality in COPD. Chest 2004; 126: 150S–158S
  • Szafranski W, Cukier A, Ramirez A, Menga G, Sansores R, Nahabedian S, Peterson S, Olsson H. Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 74–81
  • Calverley P M, Boonsawat W, Cseke Z, Zhong N, Peterson S, Olsson H. Maintenance therapy with budesonide and formoterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 912–919
  • Halpin D M. Evaluating the effectiveness of combination therapy to prevent COPD exacerbations: the value of NNT analysis. Int J Clin Pract 2005; 59: 1187–1194
  • Gudmundsson G, Gislason T, Lindberg E, Hallin R, Ulrik C S, Brondum E, Nieminen M M, Aine T, Bakke P, Janson C. Mortality in COPD patients discharged from hospital: the role of treatment and co-morbidity. Respir Res 2006; 7: 109
  • Sin D D, Man S F. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2005; 2: 8–11
  • Hansell A L, Walk J A, Soriano J B. What do chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients die from? A multiple cause coding analysis. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 809–814
  • National Institutes of Health: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Morbidity & mortality: 2004 chartbook on cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases, http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/04_chtbk.pdf (accessed September 2006)
  • Pauwels R A, Rabe K F. Burden and clinical features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Lancet 2004; 364: 613–620
  • Jensen H H, Godtfredsen N S, Lange P, Vestbo J. Potential misclassification of causes of death from COPD. Eur Respir J 2006; 28: 781–785
  • Mannino D M, Brown C, Giovino G A. Obstructive lung disease deaths in the United States from 1979 through 1993. An analysis using multiple-cause mortality data. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 814–818
  • Mehta R H, Roe M T, Chen A Y, Lytle B L, Pollack C V, Jr., Brindis R G, Smith S C, Jr., Harrington R A, Fintel D, Fraulo E S, Califf R M, Gibler W B, Ohman E M, Peterson E D. Recent trends in the care of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: insights from the CRUSADE initiative. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 2027–2034
  • Ramsey S D, Hobbs F D. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, risk factors, and outcome trials: comparisons with cardiovascular disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006; 3: 635–640
  • Halpin D M, Miravitlles M. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the disease and its burden to society. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006; 3: 619–623
  • Agusti A G. COPD, a multicomponent disease: implications for management. Respir Med 2005; 99: 670–682
  • Frohlich M, Sund M, Lowel H, Imhof A, Hoffmeister A, Koenig W. Independent association of various smoking characteristics with markers of systemic inflammation in men. Results from a representative sample of the general population (MONICA Augsburg Survey 1994/95). Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 1365–1372
  • De Martinis M, Franceschi C, Monti D, Ginaldi L. Inflammation markers predicting frailty and mortality in the elderly. Exp Mol Pathol 2006; 80: 219–227
  • Minas M, Dimitropoulos K, Pastaka C, Papadopoulos D, Markoulis N, Gourgoulianis K I. Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD opportunity for lung disorders. Prev Med 2005; 40: 274–277
  • Fuso L, Incalzi R A, Pistelli R, Muzzolon R, Valente S, Pagliari G, Gliozzi F, Ciappi G. Predicting mortality of patients hospitalized for acutely exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med 1995; 98: 272–277
  • Vestbo J, Prescott E, Lange P, Schnohr P, Jensen G. Vital prognosis after hospitalization for COPD: a study of a random population sample. Respir Med 1998; 92: 772–776
  • Hansen E F, Phanareth K, Laursen L C, Kok-Jensen A, Dirksen A. Reversible and irreversible airflow obstruction as predictor of overall mortality in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 1267–1271
  • Martinez F J, Foster G, Curtis J L, Criner G, Weinmann G, Fishman A, DeCamp M M, Benditt J, Sciurba F, Make B, Mohsenifar Z, Diaz P, Hoffman E, Wise R. Predictors of mortality in patients with emphysema and severe airflow obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173: 1326–1334
  • Hansen E F, Vestbo J, Phanareth K, Kok-Jensen A, Dirksen A. Peak flow as predictor of overall mortality in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 690–693
  • Nishimura K, Tsukino M. Clinical course and prognosis of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2000; 6: 127–132
  • Schols A M, Slangen J, Volovics L, Wouters E F. Weight loss is a reversible factor in the prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 1791–1797
  • Landbo C, Prescott E, Lange P, Vestbo J, Almdal T P. Prognostic value of nutritional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 1856–1861
  • Oga T, Nishimura K, Tsukino M, Sato S, Hajiro T. Analysis of the factors related to mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: role of exercise capacity and health status. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 544–549
  • Celli B R, Cote C G, Marin J M, Casanova C, Montes de Oca M, Mendez R A, Pinto Plata V, Cabral H J. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1005–1012
  • Cote C G. Surrogates of mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med 2006; 119: S54–62
  • Santo Tomas L H, Varkey B. Improving health-related quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2004; 10: 120–127
  • Domingo-Salvany A, Lamarca R, Ferrer M, Garcia-Aymerich J, Alonso J, Felez M, Khalaf A, Marrades R M, Monso E, Serra-Batlles J, Anto J M. Health-related quality of life and mortality in male patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 680–685
  • Jones P, Calverley P, Larsson T, et al. St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) scores may help identify COPD patients at increased risk of death over 1 year. Poster presented at the Fifth International Multidisciplinary Conference on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD5). BirminghamUK Jun 28-30, 2006, Abstract 34
  • Fan V S, Curtis J R, Tu S P, McDonell M B, Fihn S D. Using quality of life to predict hospitalization and mortality in patients with obstructive lung diseases. Chest 2002; 122: 429–436
  • Yohannes A M, Baldwin R C, Connolly M J. Predictors of 1-year mortality in patients discharged from hospital following acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Age Ageing 2005; 34: 491–496
  • Sprenkle M D, Niewoehner D E, Nelson D B, Nichol K L. The Veterans Short Form 36 questionnaire is predictive of mortality and health-care utilization in a population of veterans with a self-reported diagnosis of asthma or COPD. Chest 2004; 126: 81–89
  • Doll H, Miravitlles M, Health-related Q OL. in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review of the literature. Pharmacoeconomics 2005; 23: 345–363
  • Soler-Cataluna J J, Martinez-Garcia M A, Roman S P, Salcedo E, Navarro M, Ochando R. Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2005; 60: 925–931
  • Almagro P, Calbo E, Ochoa de Echaguen A, Barreiro B, Quintana S, Heredia J L, Garau J. Mortality after hospitalization for COPD. Chest 2002; 121: 1441–1448
  • Eriksen N, Hansen E F, Munch E P, Rasmussen F V, Vestbo J. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Admission, course and prognosis. Ugeskr Laeger 2003; 165: 3499–3502
  • Groenewegen K H, Schols A M, Wouters E F. Mortality and mortality-related factors after hospitalization for acute exacerbation of COPD. Chest 2003; 124: 459–467
  • Connors A F, Jr., Dawson N V, Thomas C, Harrell F E, Jr., Desbiens N, Fulkerson W J, Kussin P, Bellamy P, Goldman L, Knaus W A. Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. The SUPPORT investigators (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 959–967
  • Roberts C M, Barnes S, Lowe D, Pearson M G. Evidence for a link between mortality in acute COPD and hospital type and resources. Thorax 2003; 58: 947–949
  • Danchin N, Blanchard D, Steg P G, Sauval P, Hanania G, Goldstein P, Cambou J P, Gueret P, Vaur L, Boutalbi Y, Genes N, Lablanche J M. Impact of prehospital thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction on 1-year outcome: results from the French Nationwide USIC 2000 Registry. Circulation 2004; 110: 1909–1915
  • Seemungal T A, Donaldson G C, Paul E A, Bestall J C, Jeffries D J, Wedzicha J A. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 1418–1422
  • Kessler R, Stahl E, Vogelmeier C, Haughney J, Trudeau E, Lofdahl C G, Partridge M R. Patient understanding, detection, and experience of COPD exacerbations: an observational, interview-based study. Chest 2006; 130: 133–142
  • Donaldson G C, Seemungal T A, Bhowmik A, Wedzicha J A. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2002; 57: 847–852
  • Wilkinson T M, Donaldson G C, Hurst J R, Seemungal T A, Wedzicha J A. Early therapy improves outcomes of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169: 1298–1303
  • Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, McQueen M, Budaj A, Pais P, Varigos J, Lisheng L. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004; 364: 937–952
  • Braunwald E, Antman E M, Beasley J W, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina). 2002, Available at http://www.acc.org/clinical/guidelines/unstable/unstable.pdf
  • Keaney J F, Jr. Circulating biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes: something different or more of the same?. Circulation 2005; 112: 778–780
  • Chobanian A V, Bakris G L, Black H R, Cushman W C, Green L A, Izzo J L, Jr., Jones D W, Materson B J, Oparil S, Wright J T, Jr., Roccella E J. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003; 42: 1206–1252
  • National Cholesterol Education Program. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002; 106: 3143–3421
  • Abroug F, Ouanes-Besbes L, Nciri N, Sellami N, Addad F, Hamda K B, Amor A B, Najjar M F, Knani J. Association of left-heart dysfunction with severe exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: diagnostic performance of cardiac biomarkers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174: 990–996
  • Barnes P J, Chowdhury B, Kharitonov S A, Magnussen H, Page C P, Postma D, Saetta M. Pulmonary biomarkers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174: 6–14
  • Zaher C, Halbert R, Dubois R, George D, Nonikov D. Smoking-related diseases: the importance of COPD. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004; 8: 1423–1428
  • Schiller J S, Ni H. Cigarette smoking and smoking cessation among persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Health Promot 2006; 20: 319–323
  • Curkendall S M, Lanes S, de Luise C, Stang M R, Jones J K, She D, Goehring E, Jr. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity and cardiovascular outcomes. Eur J Epidemiol 2006; 21: 803–813
  • Suissa S. Effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: immortal time bias in observational studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168: 49–53
  • Suissa S. Observational studies of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: misconstrued immortal time bias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173: 464–465
  • Burge P S, Calverley P M, Jones P W, Spencer S, Anderson J A, Maslen T K. For the ISOLDE study investigators. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial. Br Med J 2000; 320: 1297–1303
  • Spencer S, Calverley P M, Sherwood B P, Jones P W. Health status deterioration in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 122–128
  • Spencer S, Calverley P M, Burge P S, Jones P W. Impact of preventing exacerbations on deterioration of health status in COPD. Eur Respir J 2004; 23: 698–702
  • Briggs A H, Lozano-Ortega G, Spencer S, Bale G, Spencer M D, Burge P S. Estimating the cost-effectiveness of fluticasone propionate for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the presence of missing data. Value Health 2006; 9: 227–235
  • Alsaeedi A, Sin D D, McAlister F A. The effects of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Am J Med 2002; 113: 59–65
  • Lofdahl C G, Postma D, Pride N, Boe J, Thoren A. Does inhaled budesonide protect against cardio-ischaemic events in mild-moderate COPD: a post-hoc evaluation of the EUROSCOP study. Eur Resp J 2005; 26(Suppl. 49)360s
  • Calverley P MA, Anderson J A, Celli B, Ferguson G T, Jenkins C, Jones P W, Yates J C, Vestbo J. For the TORCH investigators Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 775–789
  • Salpeter S R, Buckley N S, Salpeter E E. Meta-analysis: anticholinergics, but not β -agonists, reduce severe exacerbations and respiratory mortality in COPD. J Gen Intern Med 2006; 21: 1011–1019
  • Campbell S C, Criner G J, Levine B E, Simon S J, Smith J S, Orevillo C J, Ziehmer B A. Cardiac safety of formoterol 12mug twice daily in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2007; 20: 571–579
  • Rosenkranz B, Rouzier R, Kruse M, Dobson C, Ayre G, Horowitz A, Fitoussi S. Safety and tolerability of high-dose formoterol (via Aerolizer) and salbutamol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2006; 100: 666–672
  • Goldkorn A, Diotto P, Burgess C, Weatherall M, Holt S, Beasley R, Siebers R. The pulmonary and extra-pulmonary effects of high-dose formoterol in COPD: a comparison with salbutamol. Respirology 2004; 9: 102–108
  • Nelson H S. Long-acting beta-agonists in adult asthma: evidence that these drugs are safe. Prim Care Respir J 2006; 15: 271–277
  • Nelson H S. Is there a problem with inhaled long-acting B-adrenergic agonists. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117: 3–16
  • Barr R G, Bourbeau J, Camargo C A, Ram F S. Tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta-analysis. Thorax 2006; 61: 854–862
  • Anzueto A, Tashkin D, Menjoge S, Kesten S. One-year analysis of longitudinal changes in spirometry in patients with COPD receiving tiotropium. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2005; 18: 75–81
  • Decramer M, Celli B, Tashkin D P, Pauwels R A, Burkhart D, Cassino C, Kesten S. Clinical trial design considerations in assessing long-term functional impacts of tiotropium in COPD: The Uplift trial. Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2004; 1: 303–312
  • Calverley P, Pauwels R, Vestbo J, Jones P, Pride N, Gulsvik A, Anderson J, Maden C. Combined salmeterol and fluticasone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 449–456
  • Laupacis A, Sackett D L, Roberts R S. An assessment of clinically useful measures of the consequences of treatment. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1728–1733
  • Cazzola M. Application of number needed to treat (NNT) as a measure of treatment effect in respiratory medicine. Treat Respir Med 2006; 5: 79–84
  • Celli B, Calverley P M, Anderson J A, et al. The TOwards a Revolution in COPD Health (TORCH) study: Fluticasone propionate/Salmeterol reduces the rate of exacerbations over 3 years. Chest 2006; 130: 177s
  • Kardos P, Wencker M, Glaab T, Vogelmeier C. Impact of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate versus salmeterol on exacerbations in severe COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175: 144–149
  • Vestbo J. TORCH Study Group The TORCH (towards a revolution in COPD health) survival study protocol. Eur Respir J 2004; 24: 206–210
  • Rabe K F. Treating COPD–the TORCH trial, P values, and the Dodo. New England Med 2007; 356: 851–854
  • Ferguson G T, Calverley P MA, Anderson J A, et al. The TORCH (TOwards a Revolution in COPD Health) study: salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (SFC) is well tolerated in patients with COPD over three years. Eur Respir J 2006; 28(Suppl. 50)34s
  • Brekke P H, Mahmood F, Soyseth V. Should patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) be treated with statins after an exacerbation?. San Diego, CAUSA 2006; A122, ATS, 19–24 May, 2006
  • Soyseth V, Brekke P H, Smith P, Omland T. Statin use is associated with reduced mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2007; 29: 279–283
  • Mancini G B, Etminan M, Zhang B, Levesque L E, FitzGerald J M, Brophy J M. Reduction of morbidity and mortality by statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 2554–2560
  • Younis W G, Chbeir E A, Daher N N, et al. Statins protect smokers from lung disease. Chest 2006; 130: 180s
  • Resch U, Tatzber F, Budinsky A, Sinzinger H. Reduction of oxidative stress and modulation of autoantibodies against modified low-density lipoprotein after rosuvastatin therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 61: 262–274
  • Ridker P M, Cannon C P, Morrow D, Rifai N, Rose L M, McCabe C H, Pfeffer M A, Braunwald E. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 20–28
  • Hothersall E, McSharry C, Thomson N C. Potential therapeutic role for statins in respiratory disease. Thorax 2006; 61: 729–734
  • Rembold C M. Number-needed-to-treat analysis of the prevention of myocardial infarction and death by antidyslipidemic therapy. J Fam Pract 1996; 42: 577–586
  • Diener H C, Cunha L, Forbes C, Sivenius J, Smets P, Lowenthal A. European Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci 1996; 143: 1–13
  • Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 145–153
  • Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383–1389
  • Bateman E D, Boushey H A, Bousquet J, Busse W W, Clark T J, Pauwels R A, Pedersen S E. Can guideline-defined asthma control be achieved? The Gaining Optimal Asthma ControL study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170: 836–844