Resting Physiological Correlates of Reduced Exercise Capacity in Smokers with Mild Airway Obstruction

References

• Mannino DM, Homa DM, Akinbami LJ, Ford ES, Redd SC. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease surveillance—United States, 1971–2000. Respir Care 2002; 47(10):1184–1199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buist AS, McBurnie MA, Vollmer WM, Gillespie S, Burney P, Mannino DM, et al. BOLD Collaborative Research Group. International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD study): a population based prevalence study. Lancet 2007; 370:741–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonelli-Incalzi R, Imperiale C, Bellia V, Catalano F, Scichilone N, Pistelli R, et al. SaRA Investigators. Do GOLD stages of COPD severity really correspond to differences in health status? Eur Respir J 2003; 22:444–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sin DD, Wu L, Man SF. The relationship between reduced lung function and cardiovascular mortality: a population-based study & a systematic review of the literature. Chest 2005; 127:1952–1959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlanetto KC, Mantoani LC, Bisca G, Morita AA, Zabatiero J, Proença M, et al. Reduction of physical activity in daily life and its determinants in smokers without airflow obstruction. Respirology 2014; 19:369–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vozoris NT, O'Donnell DE. Smoking, activity level and exercise test outcomes in a young population sample without cardiopulmonary disease. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2015; 55(7–8):787–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodruff PG, Barr RG, Bleecker E, Christenson SA, Couper D, Curtis JL, et al. SPIROMICS Research Group. Clinical significance of symptoms in smokers with preserved pulmonary function. N Engl J Med 2016; 374(19):1811–1821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt SP, Soler X, Wang X, Murray S, Anzueto AR, Beaty TH, et al. Association between functional small airway disease and FEV1 decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016; 194(2):178–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ofir D, Laveneziana P, Webb KA, Lam YM, O'Donnell DE. Mechanisms of dyspnea during cycle exercise in symptomatic patients with GOLD stage I chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177:622–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbehairy A, Raghavan N, Cheng S, Yang L, Webb KA, Neder JA, et al. Canadian Respiratory Research Network. Physiological characterization of the chronic bronchitis phenotype in GOLD grade 1B COPD. Chest 2015; 147:1235–1245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbehairy AF, Ciavaglia CE, Webb KA, Guenette JA, Jensen D, Mourad SM, et al. Canadian Respiratory Research Network. Pulmonary gas exchange abnormalities in mild COPD: implications for exercise intolerance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:1384–1394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenette JA, Chin RC, Cheng S, Dominelli PB, Raghavan N, Webb KA, et al. Mechanisms of exercise intolerance in Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease grade 1 COPD. Eur Respir J 2014; 44:1177–1187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dijk W, Tan W, Li P, Guo B, Li S, Benedetti A, et al. CanCOLD Study Group. Clinical relevance of fixed ratio vs. lower limit of normal of FEV1/FVC in COPD: patient-reported outcomes from the CanCOLD cohort. Ann Fam Med 2015; 13(1):41–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2016. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org (last accessed: 15 March 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, Baur X, Hall GL, Culver BH, et al. the ERS Global Lung Function Initiative. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3–95 years age range: the Global Lung Function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J 2012; 40:1324–1343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbehairy AF, Guenette JA, Faisal A, Ciavaglia CE, Webb KA, Jensen D, et al. Canadian Respiratory Research Network. Mechanisms of exertional dyspnoea in symptomatic smokers without COPD. Eur Respir J 2016; 48(3):694–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oostveen E, MacLeod D, Lorino H, Farré R, Hantos Z, Desager K, et al. ERS Task Force on Respiratory Impedance Measurements. The forced oscillation technique in clinical practice: methodology, recommendations and future developments. Eur Respir J 2003; 22:1026–1041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buist AS, Ross BB. Quantitative analysis of the alveolar plateau in the diagnosis of early airway obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973; 108:1078–1087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones PW, Harding G, Berry P, Wiklund I, Chen WH, Kline Leidy N, et al. Development and first validation of the COPD Assessment Test. Eur Respir J 2009; 34:648–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahler DA, Weinberg DH, Wells CK, Feinstein AR. The measurement of dyspnea. Contents, interobserver agreement, and physiologic correlates of two new clinical indexes. Chest 1984; 85:751–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones PW, Quirk FH, Baveystock CM, Littlejohns P. A self-complete measure of health status for chronic airflow limitation. The St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145:1321–1327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart AL, Mills KM, King AC, Haskell WL, Gillis D, Ritter PL, et al. CHAMPS physical activity questionnaire for older adults: outcomes for interventions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33:1126–1141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis 1987; 40:373–383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coxson HO, Rogers RM, Whittall KP, D'yachkova Y, Pare´ PD, Sciurba FC, et al. quantification of the lung surface area in emphysema using computed tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159:851–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crapo RO, Morris AH, Clayton PD, Nixon CR. Lung volumes in healthy nonsmoking adults. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1982; 18:419–425.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burrows B, Kasik JE, Niden AH, Barclay WR. Clinical usefulness of the single-breath pulmonary diffusing capacity test. Am Rev Respir Dis 1961; 84:789–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briscoe WA, Dubois AB. The relationship between airway resistance, airway conductance and lung volume in subjects of different age and body size. J Clin Invest 1958; 37:1279–1285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deesomchok A, Webb KA, Forkert L, Lam YM, Ofir D, Jensen D, et al. Lung hyperinflation and its reversibility in patients with airway obstruction of varying severity. COPD 2010; 7(6):428–437.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Donnell DE, Revill SM, Webb KA. Dynamic hyperinflation and exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164(5):770–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982; 14:377–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackie SP, Fairbarn MS, McElvaney GN, Morrison NJ, Wilcox PG, Pardy RL, et al. Prediction of maximal oxygen uptake and power during cycle ergometry in subjects older than 55 years of age. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139(6):1424–1429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones NL. Clinical Exercise Testing, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co, 1988, 152–155.
   Google Scholar
• Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, et al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J 2005; 26(5):948–968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaskill SE, Ruby BC, Walker AJ, Sanchez OA, Serfass RC, Leon AS, et al. Validity and reliability of combining three methods to determine ventilatory threshold. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33(11):1841–1848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain VV, Abejie B, Bashir MH, Tyner T, Vempilly J. Lung volume abnormalities and its correlation to spirometric and demographic variables in adult asthma. J Asthma 2013; 50(6):600–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber KT, Kinasewitz GT, Janicki JS, Fishman AP. Oxygen utilization and ventilation during exercise in patients with chronic cardiac failure. Circulation 1982; 65:1213–1223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wollmer P, Frantz S, Engström G, Dencker M, Löfdahl CG, Nihlén U, et al. Fixed ratio or lower limit of normal for the FEV1/VC ratio: relation to symptoms and extended lung function tests. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. Published Online First Oct 2016; 6. doi: 10.1111/cpf.12294.
   Google Scholar
• Bridevaux PO, Gerbase MW, Probst-Hensch NM, Schindler C, Gaspoz JM, Rochat T, et al. Long term decline in lung function, utilisation of care and quality of life in modified GOLD stage 1 COPD. Thorax 2008; 63:768–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavem K, Sandvik L, Erikssen J. Can Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage 0 provide prognostic information on long-term mortality in men? Chest 2006; 130:318–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby M, Owrangi A, Svenningsen S, Wheatley A, Coxson HO, Paterson NA, et al. On the role of abnormal DL(CO) in ex-smokers without airflow limitation: symptoms, exercise capacity and hyperpolarised heliu-3 MRI. Thorax 2013; 68:752–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hueper K, Vogel-Claussen J, Parikh MA, Austin JH, Bluemke DA, Carr J, et al. Pulmonary microvascular blood flow in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. The MESA COPD Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192(5):570–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neder JA, O'Donnell CD, Cory J, Langer D, Ciavaglia CE, Ling Y, et al. Ventilation distribution heterogeneity at rest as a marker of exercise impairment in mild-to-advanced COPD. COPD 2015; 12(3):249–256.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farkhooy A, Janson C, Arnardóttir RH, Malinovschi A, Emtner M, Hedenström H, et al. Impaired carbon monoxide diffusing capacity is the strongest predictor of exercise intolerance in COPD. COPD 2013; 10(2):180–185.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nishimura K, Yasui M, Nishimura T, Oga T. Airflow limitation or static hyperinflation: which is more closely related to dyspnea with activities of daily living in patients with COPD? Respir Res 2011; 12:135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey BG, Strulovici-Barel Y, Kaner RJ, Sanders A, Vincent TL, Mezey JG, et al. Risk of COPD with obstruction in active smokers with normal spirometry and reduced diffusion capacity. Eur Respir J 2015; 46(6):1589–1597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon C, Gudi K, Krause A, Sackrowitz R, Harvey BG, Strulovici-Barel Y, et al. Circulating endothelial microparticles as a measure of early lung destruction in cigarette smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011; 184(2):224–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisafulli E, Alfieri V, Silva M, Aiello M, Tzani P, Milanese G, et al. Relationships between emphysema and airways metrics at High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) and ventilatory response to exercise in mild to moderate COPD patients. Respir Med. 2016; 117:207–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SL, Ra SW, Chae EJ, Seo JB, Lim SY, Kim TH, et al. Validation of the lower limit of normal diffusing capacity for detecting emphysema. Respiration 2011; 81(4):287–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nambu A, Zach J, Schroeder J, Jin GY, Kim SS, Kim YI, et al. Relationships between diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), and quantitative computed tomography measurements and visual assessment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Radiol 2015; 84(5):980–985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donnell DE, Laveneziana P, Ora J, Webb KA, Lam YM, Ofir D, et al. Evaluation of acute bronchodilator reversibility in patients with symptoms of GOLD stage I COPD. Thorax 2009; 64(3):216–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhariwal J, Tennant RC, Hansell DM, Westwick J, Walker C, Ward SP, et al. Smoking cessation in COPD causes a transient improvement in spirometry and decreases micronodules on high-resolution CT imaging. Chest 2014; 145(5):1006–1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soumagne T, Laveneziana P, Veil-Picard M, Guillien A, Claudé F, Puyraveau M, et al. Asymptomatic subjects with airway obstruction have significant impairment at exercise. Thorax 2016; 71(9):804–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar