A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Sputum Purulence to Predict Bacterial Infection in COPD Exacerbations

References

• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Inc. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 report. 2020. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org.
   Google Scholar
• Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CP, et al. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106(2):196–204. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-106-2-196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gompertz S, O'Brien C, Bayley DL, et al. Changes in bronchial inflammation during acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir J. 2001;17(6):1112–1119. doi:10.1183/09031936.01.99114901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miravitlles M, Marin A, Monso E, et al. Colour of sputum is a marker for bacterial colonisation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res. 2010;11(1):58. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-11-58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stockley RA, Bayley D, Hill SL, et al. Assessment of airway neutrophils by sputum colour: correlation with airways inflammation. Thorax. 2001;56(5):366–372. doi:10.1136/thorax.56.5.366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andelid K, Andersson A, Yoshihara S, et al. Systemic signs of neutrophil mobilization during clinically stable periods and during exacerbations in smokers with obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2015;10:1253–1263. doi:10.2147/COPD.S77274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes PJ. Inflammatory mechanisms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(1):16–27. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo SA. Role of iron and sulfur in pigment and slime formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol. 1972;111(2):430–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells GA, Shea B, O’Connell D, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. 2019. Available from: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp.
   Google Scholar
• Allegra L, Blasi F, Diano P, et al. Sputum color as a marker of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2005;99(6):742–747. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2004.10.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels JM, de Graaff CS, Vlaspolder F, et al. Sputum colour reported by patients is not a reliable marker of the presence of bacteria in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16(6):583–588. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02892.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soler N, Agusti C, Angrill J, et al. Bronchoscopic validation of the significance of sputum purulence in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2007;62(1):29–35. doi:10.1136/thx.2005.056374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soler N, Esperatti M, Ewig S, et al. Sputum purulence-guided antibiotic use in hospitalised patients with exacerbations of COPD. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(6):1344–1353. doi:10.1183/09031936.00150211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockley RA, O’Brien C, Pye A, et al. Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 2000;117(6):1638–1645. doi:10.1378/chest.117.6.1638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsimogianni AM, Papiris SA, Kanavaki S, et al. Predictors of positive sputum cultures in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology. 2009;14(8):1114–1120. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01615.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llor C, Moragas A, Hernandez S, et al. Efficacy of antibiotic therapy for acute exacerbations of mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(8):716–723. doi:10.1164/rccm.201206-0996OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miravitlles M, Moragas A, Hernandez S, et al. Is it possible to identify exacerbations of mild to moderate COPD that do not require antibiotic treatment? Chest. 2013;144(5):1571–1577. doi:10.1378/chest.13-0518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soler N, Esperatti M, Huerta AH, et al. Sputum purulence guided antibiotic therapy in patients with severe exacerbations of COPD. Paper presented at: American Thoracic Society International Conference; 2010 May 14-19; New Orleans, LA. doi:10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_MeetingAbstracts.A2380.
   Google Scholar
• Miravitlles M, Kruesmann F, Haverstock D, et al. Sputum colour and bacteria in chronic bronchitis exacerbations: a pooled analysis. Eur Respir J. 2012;39(6):1354–1360. doi:10.1183/09031936.00042111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brusse-Keizer MG, Grotenhuis AJ, Kerstjens HA, et al. Relation of sputum colour to bacterial load in acute exacerbations of COPD. Respir Med. 2009;103(4):601–606. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2008.10.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallia P, Footitt J, Sotero R, et al. Rhinovirus infection induces degradation of antimicrobial peptides and secondary bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(11):1117–1124. doi:10.1164/rccm.201205-0806OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papi A, Bellettato CM, Braccioni F, et al. Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(10):1114–1121. doi:10.1164/rccm.200506-859OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson AL, Hampson DF, Hampson NB. Sputum color: potential implications for clinical practice. Respir Care. 2008;53(4):450–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar