Managers’ Family-Supportive Supervisory Behaviors: A Multilevel Perspective

REFERENCES

• Aguinis, H., Gottfredson, R., & Culpepper, S. (2013). Best-practice recommendations for estimating cross-level interaction effects using multilevel modeling. Journal of Management, 17, 351–371. doi:10.1177/0149206313478188
   Google Scholar
• Allen, T. D. (2001). Family-supportive work environments: The role of organizational perceptions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 414–435. doi:10.1006/jvbe.2000.1774
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonakis, J., Cianciolo, A. T., & Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Leadership: Past, present and future. In J. Antonakis, A. T. Cianciolo, & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The nature of leadership (pp. 3–16). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ayman, R. (2004). Situational and contingency approaches to leadership. In J. Antonakis, A. T. Cianciolo, & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The nature of leadership (pp. 148–170). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ayman, R., & Korabik, K. (2010). Leadership: Why gender and culture matter. American Psychologist, 65(3), 157–170. doi:10.1037/a0018806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barham, L. J., Gottlieb, B. H., & Kelloway, E. K. (1998). Variables affecting managers’ willingness to grant alternative work arrangements. Journal of Social Psychology, 138(3), 291–302. doi:10.1080/00224549809600382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass & Stogdill’s handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Behson, S. J. (2005). The relative contribution of formal and informal organizational work–family support. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(3), 487–500. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2004.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliese, P. D. (2000). Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability. Implications for data aggregation and analysis. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations. Foundations, extensions, and new directions. (pp. 349–381). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Brescoll, V. L., Dawson, E., & Uhlmann, E. L. (2010). Hard won and easily lost: The fragile status of leaders in gender-stereotype-incongruent occupations. Psychological Science, 21(11), 1640–1642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, D., & Perrewe, P. L. (1999). The role of social support in the stressor-strain relationship: An examination of work–family conflict. Journal of Management, 25(4), 513–540. doi:10.1177/014920639902500403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demerouti, E., & Rispens, S. (2013). Improving the image of student-recruited samples: A commentary. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87, 34–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRue, D. S., Nahrgang, J. D., Wellman, N., & Humphrey, S. E. (2011). Trait and behavioral theories of leadership: An integration and meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Personnel Psychology, 64, 7–52. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01201.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: a social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role incongruity theory of prejudice towards female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley, S., Linnehan, F., Greenhaus, J. H., & Weer, C. H. (2006). The impact of gender similarity, racial similarity, and work culture on family supportive supervison. Group & Organization Management, 31(4), 420–441. doi:10.1177/1059601106286884
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friede, A., Kissek, E. E., Lee, M. D., & MacDermid, S. (2008). Human resource manager insights on creating and sustaining successful reduced-load arrangements. Human Resource Management, 47(4), 707–727. doi:10.1002/hrm.20241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frone, M. R. (2003). Work–family balance. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 143–162). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Gerstner, C. R., & Day, D. V. (1997). Meta-analytic review of leader-member exchange theory: Correlates and construct issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6), 827–844. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.6.827
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goff, S. J., Mount, M. K., & Jamison, R. L. (1990). Employer supported child care, work/family conflict, and absenteeism: A field study. Personnel Psychology, 43(4), 793–809. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1990.tb00683.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden, T. D. (2006). The role of relationships in understanding telecommuter satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 319–340. doi:10.1002/job.369
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88. doi:10.2307/258214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2003). When work and family collide: Deciding between competing role demands. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90(2), 291–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greening, D. W., & Turban, D. B. (2000). Corporate social performance as a competitive advantage in attracting a quality workforce. Business & Society, 39(3), 254.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, D. T. (1972). A model of coping with role conflict: The role behavior of college educated women. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(4), 471–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer, L. B., Kossek, E. E., Anger, W. K., Bodner, T., & Zimmerman, K. (2011). Clarifying work–family intervention processes: The roles of work–family conflict and family supportive supervisor behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), 134–150. doi:10.1037/a0020927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer, L. B., Kossek, E. E., Bodner, T., & Crain, T. (2013). Measurement development and validation of the Family Supportive Supervisory Behavior Short-Form (FSSB-SF). Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(3), 285–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer, L. B., Kossek, E. E., Yragui, N. L., Bodner, T. E., & Hanson, G. C. (2009). Development and validation of a multidimensional measure of family supportive supervisory behaviors (FSSB). Journal of Management, 35(4), 837–856. doi:10.1177/0149206308328510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock, F., & Page, F. (2013). Family to work conflict and the usefulness of workplace support. Occupational Medicine, 63, 373–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann, D., & Gavin, M. B. (1998). Centering decisions in hierarchical linear models: Implications for research in organizations. Journal of Management, 24(4), 623–641.
   Google Scholar
• Hoobler, J. M., Wayne, S. J., & Lemmon, G. (2009). Bosses’ perceptions of family–work conflict and women’s promotability: Glass ceiling effects. Academy of Management Journal, 52(5), 939–957.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilies, R., Schwind, K. M., Wagner, D. T., Johnson, M. D., DeRue, D. S., & Ilgen, D. (2007). When can employees have a family life? The effects of daily workload and affect on work–family conflict and social behaviors at home. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1368–1379. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.5.1368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidwell, R., Jr., Mossholder, K., & Bennett, N. (1997). Cohesiveness and organizational citizenship: A multilevel analysis using workgroups and individuals. Journal of Management, 23(6), 775–793.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kossek, E. E., & Distelberg, B. (2007). Work and family emplyment policy for a transformed labor force. Current trends and themes. In A. C. Crouter & A. Booth (Eds.), Work-life policies (pp. 3–49). Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kossek, E. E., & Hammer, L. B. (2008). Family Supportive Supervisor Behaviors (FSSB) intervention study: Effects on employee’s work, family, safety, & health outcomes. Summary of findings from the National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety grant #U010H008788. Portland State University and Michigan State University.http://ellenkossek.lir.msu.edu/documents/Feedback_Report_Final__000.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kossek, E. E., Pichler, S., Bodner, T., & Hammer, L. B. (2011). Workplace social support and work–family conflict: A meta-analysis clarifying the influence of general and work–family-specific supervisor and organizational support. Personnel Psychology, 64(2), 289–313. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01211.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapierre, L. M., & Allen, T. D. (2006). Work-supportive family, family-supportive supervision, use of organizational benefits, and problem-focused coping: Implications for work–family conflict and employee well being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(2), 169–181. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.11.2.169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBreton, J. M., & Senter, J. L. (2008). Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement. Organizational Research Methods, 111(4), 815–852. doi:10.1177/1094428106296642
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liden, R. C., & Graen, G. (1980). Generalizability of the vertical dyad linkage model of leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 23(3), 45–465. doi:10.2307/255511
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maertz, C. P. J., & Boyar, S. L. (2011). Work–family confllict, enrichment, and balance under “levels” and “episodes” approaches. Journal of Management, 37(1), 68–98. doi:10.1177/0149206310382455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major, D. A., Fletcher, T. A., Davis, D. D., & Germano, L. M. (2008). The influence of work–family culture and workplace relationships onwork interference with family: A multilevel model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 881–897. doi:10.1002/job.502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major, D. A., & Lauzon, H. M. (2010). Equipping managers to assist employees in addressing work–family conflict: Applying the research literature toward innovative practice. Psychologist-Manager Journal, 13(2), 69–85. doi:10.1080/10887151003761275
   Google Scholar
• Major, D. A., & Morganson, V. J. (2011). Coping with work–family conflict: A leader-member exchange perspective. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(1), 126–138. doi:10.1037/a0021727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, A., Darcy, C., & Grady, G. (2010). Work-life balance policy and practice: Understanding line managers attitudes and behaviors. Human Resource Management Review, 20, 158–167. doi:10.1037/a0021727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., & Viswesvaran, C. (2006). How family-friendly work environments affect work/family conflict: A meta-analytic examination. Journal of Labor Research 17(4), 555–574. doi:10.1007/s12122-006-1020-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberseder, M., Schlegelmilch, B. B., Murphy, P. E., & Gruber, V. (2014). Consumers’ perceptions of corporate social responsibility: Scale development and validation. Journal of Business Ethics, 124, 101–115. doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1787-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odle-Dusseau, H. N., Britt, T. W., & Greene-Shortridge, T. M. (2012). Organizational work–family resources as predictors of job performance and attitudes: The process of work–family conflict and enrichment. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(1), 28–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paglis, L. L., & Green, S. G. (2002). Both sides now: Supervisor and subordinate perspectives on relationship quality. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(2), 250–276. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00215.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinder, C. C. (2008). Work motivation in organizational behavior. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 539–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poelmans, S. (2005). The decision process theory of work and family. In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration (pp. 263–286). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Poelmans, S., & Beham, B. (2008). The moment of truth: Conceptualizing managerial work-life policy allowance decisions. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81, 393–410. doi:10.1348/096317908X314865
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, G. N., & Greenhaus, J. H. (2010). Sex, gender, and decisions at the family-work interface. Journal of Management, 36(4), 1011–1039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, G. N., & Mainiero, L. A. (1999). Managerial decision making regarding alternative work arrangements. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72, 41–56. doi:10.1348/096317999166482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapoport, R., Bailyn, L., Fletcher, J. K., & Pruitt, B. H. (2002). Beyond work–family balance: Advancing gender equity and workplace performance. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Schein, E. H. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Schriesheim, C. A., Castro, S. L., & Cogliser, C. C. (1999). Leader–member exchange (LMX) research: A comprehensive review of theory, measurement, and data-analytic practices. Leadership Quarterly, 10(1), 63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinn, M., Simko, P. A., Wong, N. W., & Ortiz-Torres, B. (1989). Promoting the well-being of working parents: Coping, social support, and flexible job schedules. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17(1), 31–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoker, J. I., Van der Velde, M., & Lammers, J. (2012). Factors relating to managerial stereotypes: The role of gender of the employee and the manager and management gender ratio. Journal of Business Psychology, 27, 31–42. doi:10.1007/s10869-011-9210-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straub, C. (2012). Antecedents and organizational consequences of family-supportive supervisor behavior: A multilevel conceptual framework for research. Human Resource Management Review, 22, 15–26. doi:10.1348/096317999166482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, L., & Ganster, D. C. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work–family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 6–15. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, C. A., Beauvais, L. L., & Lyness, K. S. (1999). When work–family benefits are not enough: The influence of work–family culture on benefit utilization, organizational attachment, and work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 392–415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, M. A., & Hausdorf, P. A. (2009). Understanding work-to-family confict: The role of organization and supervisor support for work-life issues. Organization Management Journal, 6, 130–145.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, C.-S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 243–274. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00099-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, J., & Taber, T. D. (2009, August). LMX and leader’s delegation of responsibility, trust and effectiveness ratings of subordinates. Paper presented at the Academy of Management, Chicago, IL.
   Google Scholar
• Yukl, G. (2006). Leadership in organizations (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Zaccaro, S. J. (2007). Trait-based perspectives of leadership. American Psychologist, 62(1), 6–16. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.1.6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaccaro, S. J., Kemp, C., & Bader, P. (2004). Leader traits and attributes. In J. Antonakis, A. T. Cianciolo, & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The nature of leadership (pp. 101–124). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar