44
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Castor Oil Extraction: Methods and Impacts

, , , , , & show all
Received 19 Jan 2024, Accepted 25 May 2024, Published online: 05 Jun 2024

References

  • Baldanzi, M. Ricino (Ricinus Communis L.). In Oli e grassi, Mosca, G., Ed.; Edagricole – Edizioni Agricole di New Business Media srl: Milano, 2019; pp. 100–104.
  • Ahmad, M. H.; Ibrahim, W. A.; Sazali, J.; Izhab, I.; Hassan, Z. Thermal Process of Castor and Plant Based Oil. Indones. J. Chem. 2020, 20(1), 237–247. DOI: 10.22146/ijc.39711.
  • Castor Oil Market: Global Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity and Forecast 2022–2027; IMARC Group, 2021. https://www.imarcgroup.com/castor-oil-manufacturing-plant.
  • Bateni, H.; Karimi, K.; Zamani, A.; Benakashani, F. Castor Plant for Biodiesel, Biogas, and Ethanol Production with a Biorefinery Processing Perspective. Appl. Energy. 2014, 136, 14–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.005.
  • Severino, L. S.; Auld, D. L. Seed Yield and Yield Components of Castor Influenced by Irrigation. Ind. Crops Prod. 2013, 49, 52–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.04.012.
  • Wang, M. L.; Morris, J. B.; Tonnis, B.; Pinnow, D.; Davis, J.; Raymer, P.; Pederson, G. A. Screening of the Entire USDA Castor Germplasm Collection for Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition for Optimum Biodiesel Production. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2011, 59(17), 9250–9256. DOI: 10.1021/jf202949v.
  • Mutlu, H.; Meier, M. A. R. Castor Oil As a Renewable Resource for the Chemical Industry. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2010, 112(1), 10–30. DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200900138.
  • Rodríguez-Ramos, P. A.; Rubio-Erazo, D. R.; Zumalacárregui-de-Cárdenas, L.; Pérez-Ones, O.; Penabad-Sanz, L. Production and Environmental Impact of Ricinus Communis L Oil for Biofuel Purposes. DYNA 2019, 86(210), 137–142. DOI: 10.15446/dyna.v86n210.77167.
  • Yusuf, A. K.; Mamza, P. A. P.; Ahmed, A. S.; Agunwa, U. Extraction and Characterization of Castor Seed Oil from Wild Ricinus Communis Linn. Int. J. Sci. Environ. Technol. 2015, 4, 1392–1404. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiE5umTq4j_AhWo9rsIHSV8Dl8QFnoECAgQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijset.net%2Fjournal%2F786.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2Rep1dWi552ZT7-gTda_6j.
  • Kaur, R.; Gera, P.; Jha, M. K.; Bhaskar, B. Pyrolysis Kinetics and Thermodynamic Parameters of Castor (Ricinus communis) Residue Using Thermogravimetric Analysis. Bioresources Technol. 2018, 250, 422–428. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.077.
  • Sokoto, A. M.; Pbhaskar, T. Pyrolysis of Waste Castor Seed Cake: A Thermo-Kinetics Study. Eur. J. Sustainable Dev. Res 2018, 2(2), 18. DOI: 10.20897/ejosdr/81642.
  • Demirbaş, A. Biodiesel Fuels from Vegetable Oils via Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Supercritical Alcohol Transesterifications and Other Methods: A Survey. Energy Convers. Manage. 2003, 44, 2093–2109. DOI: 10.1016/S0196-8904(02)00234-0.
  • Galhiane, M. S.; Rissato, S. R.; Santos, L. S.; Chierice, G. O.; Almeida, M. V. D.; Fumis, T.; Chechim, I.; Sampaio, A. C. Evaluation of the Performance of a Castor-Oil Based Formulation in Limiting Pesticide Residues in Strawberry Crops. Quim. Nova. 2012, 35(2), 341–347. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-40422012000200021.
  • Azad, A. K.; Rasul, M. G.; Khan, M. M. K.; Sharma, S. C.; Mofijur, M.; Bhuiya, M. M. K. Prospects, Feedstocks and Challenges of Biodiesel Production from Beauty Leaf Oil and Castor Oil: A Nonedible Oil Sources in Australia. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2016, 61, 302–318. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.013.
  • Patel, V. R.; Dumancas, G. G.; Vishwanath, L. C.; Maples, R.; Subong, B. J. Castor Oil: Properties, Uses and Optimization of Processing Parameters in Commercial Production. Lipid Insights 2016, 9, LPI–S40233. DOI: 10.4137/LPI.S40233.
  • Shekade, S. V.; Deshkar, S. S.; Shirolkar, S. V. Formulation and Evaluation of Castor Oil Containing Self-Emulsifying Pellets by Using Design of Experiment. Ind. J. Pharm. Edu. Res 2023, 57(1s), s75–s84. DOI: 10.5530/ijper.57.1s.9.
  • FAOSTAT, 2021. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL (accessed on 02 March 2023).
  • Gana, A. K.; Yusuf, A. F.; Apuyor, B. Castor Oil Plant and Its Potentials in Transformation and Industrialization of Under Developing Nations in the World. Adv. J. Agric. Res 2013, 1, 72–79.
  • Latković, D.; Marinković, B.; Crnobarac, J.; Jaćimović, G.; Berenji, J.; Sikora, V. Gajenje alternativnih njivskih biljaka; Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Pokrajinski sekretarijat za poljoprivredu, vodoprivredu i šumarstvo: Novi Sad, 2015.
  • Stanaćev, S. Posebno ratarstvo; Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet: Novi Sad, 1981.
  • Laureti, D.; Fedeli, A. M.; Scarpa, G. M.; Marras, G. Performance of Castor (Ricinus Communis L.) Cultivars in Italy. Ind. Crops Prod. 1998, 7, 91–93. DOI: 10.1016/S0926-6690(97)00036-8.
  • Baldanzi, M.; Pugliesi, C. Selection for Non-Branching in Castor, Ricinus Communis L. Plant Breeding 1998, 117(4), 392–394. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0523.1998.tb01960.x.
  • Miersch, S.; Gertz, A.; Breuer, F.; Schierholt, A.; Becker, H. C. Influence of the Semi-Dwarf Growth Type on Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Winter Oilseed Rape. Crop Sci. 2016, 56(6), 2952–2961. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2016.01.0044.
  • Marinković, R.; Marjanović-Jeromela, A.; Mitrović, P.; Milovac, Ž.; Jocković, M. Provision of the Possibility of Raw Material for Biodiesel Production in R. Serbia. Tractors Power Mach. 2011, 16, 39–50.
  • Sujatha, M.; Vimala Devi, P. S.; Reddy, T. P. Insect Pests of Castor (Ricinus Communis L) and Their Management Strategies. In Pests and Pathogens: Management Strategies, Vudem, D. R., Poduri, N. R. Khareedu, V. R., Eds.; BS Publications CRC Press: Boca Raton, 2011; pp. 177–198. https://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/3255/1/castor%20insect%20pests-crc%20press.pdf.
  • He, C.; Zhao, Y.; Wang, F.; Oh, K.; Zhao, Z.; Wu, C.; Zhang, X.; Chen, X.; Liu, X. Phytoremediation of Soil Heavy Metals (Cd and Zn) by Castor Seedlings: Tolerance, Accumulation and Subcellular Distribution. Chemosphere. 2020, 252, 126471. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126471.
  • Marjanović Jeromela, A.; Marinković, R.; Jocić, S.; Cvejić, S.; Jocković, M.; Stojanović, D.; Dedić, D. Results of Breeding NS Castor Bean (Ricinus Communis L.). In Book of Abstracts V Symposium of the Section of the Breeding of Organisms of the Serbian Genetic Society, Ivetić, V. Mladenović Drinić, S., Eds.; Kladovo, 2016; pp. 109–110. ISBN: 978–86-87109-12-4.
  • Yeboah, A.; Ying, S.; Lu, J.; Xie, Y.; Amoanimaa-Dede, H.; Boateng, K. G. A.; Chen, M.; Yin, X. Castor Oil (Ricinus communis): A Review on the Chemical Composition and Physicochemical Properties. Food Sci. Technol. 2021, 41(suppl 2), 399–413. DOI: 10.1590/fst.19620.
  • Luzardo-Ocampo, I.; Vasco-Leal, J.; Cuellar-Nuñez, M. L.; Quintero-Castaño, V.; Pérez-Serrano, R.; Luzardo-Ocampo, I. Castor Bean (Ricinus Communis L.) Polyphenolic Extracts Exhibited Anti-Inflammatory Effects on LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Curr. Dev. Nutr. 2022, 6, 309. DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzac053.050.
  • Kadri, A.; Gharsallah, N.; Damak, M.; Gdoura, R. Chemical Composition and in vitro Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oil of Ricinus Communis L. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011, 5, 1466–1470. https://academicjournals.org/journal/JMPR/article-full-text-pdf/665571D17339.pdf.
  • Srivastava, P.; Jyotshna Gupta, N.; Maurya, A. K. New Anti-Inflammatory Triterpene from the Root of Ricinus Communis. Nat. Prod. Res 2014, 28(5), 306–311. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2013.861834.
  • Alexopoulou, E.; Papatheohari, Y.; Zanetti, F.; Tsiotas, K.; Papamichael, I.; Christou, M.; Namatov, I.; Monti, A. Comparative Studies on Several Castor (Ricinus Communis L.) Hybrids: Growth, Yields, Seed Oil and Biomass Characterization. Ind. Crops Prod. 2015, 75, 8–13. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.07.015.
  • European Pharmacopeia. Strasbourg: European Pharmacopoeia Commission, and the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare, 8th ed.; EDQM), 2013. https://www.edqm.eu/en/d/259169.
  • CDCP. Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Bioterrorism Agents/Category B. 2023. https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/ricin/facts.asp;. (accessed Feb 3, 2023).
  • Bradberry, S. M.; Dickers, K. J.; Rice, P.; Griffiths, G. D.; Vale, J. A. Ricin Poisoning. Toxicol. Rev. 2003, 22(1), 65–70. DOI: 10.2165/00139709-200322010-00007.
  • Ferraz, A. C.; Angelucci, M. E. M.; Da Costa, M. L.; Batista, I. R.; de Oliveira, B. H.; da Cunha, C. Pharmacological Evaluation of Ricinine, a Central Nervous System Stimulant Isolated from Ricinus Communis. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1999, 63(3), 367–375. DOI: 10.1016/S0091-3057(99)00007-6.
  • Pham, N. K. T.; Tran, T. T. L.; Duong, T. H.; Trung, N. T.; Phan, D. C. T.; Mai, D. T.; Nguyen, V. K.; Huynh, B. L. C.; Nguyen, T. A. T.; Tran, T. D., et al. Ricicomin A, a New Alkaloid from the Leaves of Ricinus Communis Linn. Nat. Prod. Res 2022, 36(8), 1973–1979. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1839456.
  • Nascimento, V. V.; Castro, H. C.; Abreu, P. A.; Oliveira, A. E. A.; Fernandez, J. H.; Araujo, J. S.; Machado, O. L. T. In Silico Structural Characteristics and α-Amylase Inhibitory Properties of Ric C 1 and Ric C 3, Allergenic 2s Albumins from Ricinus Communis Seeds. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2011, 59(9), 4814–4821. DOI: 10.1021/jf104638b.
  • Rocha, A. C.; da Silveira Alves, F. G.; Salles, H. O.; Cláudio, R.; Pompeu, F. F.; Ludke, J. V.; Severino, L. S.; Cândido, M. J. D. The Industrial Process of Solvent Extraction of Castor Oil Reduces the Toxicity of the Meal. Ind. Crops Prod. 2022, 181, 114800. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114800.
  • Anderson, D. A Primer on Oils Processing Technology. InBailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Shahidi, F., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, 2005; pp. 1–56.
  • Akpan, U. G.; Jimoh, A.; Mohammed, A. D. Extraction, Characterization, and Modification of Castor Seed Oil. Leonardo J. Sci 2006, 8, 43–52.
  • Mbah, G. O.; Amulu, N. F.; Onyiah, M. I. Effect of Process Parameters on the Yield of Oil from Castor Seed. Am. J. Eng. Res 2014, 3, 179–186. http://www.ajer.org/papers/v3(5)/U035179186.pdf.
  • Salinas-de León, F.; Castillo-Quiroz, D.; Castillo-Reyes, F.; Morales-Martínez, T. K.; Rodríguez-De la Garza, J. A.; Ríos-González, L. J. Ultrasound-Assisted Oil Extraction from Ricinus Communis L. Seed. Rev. Bio Cienc 2019, 6, e433. DOI: 10.15741/revbio.06.e433.
  • Obayomi, K. S.; Bello, J. O.; Ogundipe, T. A.; Olawale, O. Extraction of Castor Oil from Castor Seed for Optimization of Biodiesel Production. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2019, 445(1), 012055. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/445/1/012055.
  • Ibrahim, N. A.; Zaini, M. A. A. Solvent Selection in Microwave Assisted Extraction of Castor Oil. Chem. Eng. Trans. 2017, 56, 865–870. DOI: 10.3303/CET1756145.
  • Perdomo, F. A.; Acosta-Osorio, A.; Herrera, G.; Mosquera-Artamonov, D.; Rodriguez-Garcia, B.; Millan-Malo, M. E. Physicochemical Characterization of Seven Mexican Ricinus Communis L. Seeds & Oil Contents. Biomass Bioenergy 2013, 48, 17–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.10.020.
  • Ojediran, J. O.; Raji, A. O. Thin-Layer Drying Characteristics of Castor (Ricinus communis) Seeds. J. Food Process Preserv. 2011, 35(5), 647–655. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2011.00514.x.
  • Muzenda, E.; Kabuba, J.; Mdletye, P.; Belaid, M. Optimization of Process Parameters for Castor Oil Production. Proc. World Congr. Eng., 2012; Vol. 3, pp 1586–1589. https://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCE2012/WCE2012_pp.1586–1589.pdf.
  • Oluwole, F. A.; Abdulrahim, A. T.; Aviara, N. A.; Ndahi, N. S. Traditional Method of Extracting Castor Oil. Cont. J. Eng. Sci 2012, 7, 6–10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299398115_Traditional_method_of_extracting_castor_oil#fullTextFileContent.
  • Danlami, J. M.; Arsad, A.; Zaini, M. A. A. Characterization and Process Optimization of Castor Oil (Ricinus Communis L.) Extracted by the Soxhlet Method Using Polar and Non-Polar Solvents. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 2015a, 47(47), 99–104. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2014.10.012.
  • Neme, I. Extraction, Characterization and Optimization of Castor Oil from Castor Seeds for Production of Synthetic Detergent. MSc. Thesis, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, 2016. http://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/8539.
  • Khater, E. S. G.; Abd Allah, S. A.; Bahnasawy, A. H.; Abu Hashish, H. M. Enhancing Bio‑Oil Yield Extracted from Egyptian Castor Seeds by Using Microwave and Ultrasonic. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13(1), 4606. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31794-3.
  • Mgudu, L.; Muzenda, E.; Kabuba, J.; Belaid, M. Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Castor Oil. International Conference Nanotechnology Chemical Engeering (ICNCS’2012), Bangkok (Thailand), 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10210/10036.
  • Koo, E. C. Expression of Vegetable Oils. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1942, 34(3), 342–345. DOI: 10.1021/ie50387a019.
  • Njoroge, M. J. Physicochemical Characteristics of Crude and Dehydrated Castor Oil from Local Wild Plants (Ricinus communis) from Five Selected Regions in Kenya. MSc Thesis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 2013. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/71536.
  • Mosquera-Artamonov, J. D.; Vasco-Leal, J. F.; Acosta-Osorio, A. A.; Hernandez-Rios, I.; Ventura-Ramos, E.; Gutiérrez-Cortez, E.; Rodríguez-Garcia, M. E. Optimization of Castor Seed Oil Extraction Process Using Response Surface Methodology. Ing. Invest 2016, 36(3), 82–88. DOI: 10.15446/ing.investig.v36n3.55632.
  • Olaoye, J. O.; Busari, R. A. Optimization of Mechanical Expression of Castor Seeds Oil (Ricinus communis) Using Response Surface Methodology. Arid Zone J. Eng. Technol. Environ 2017, 13, 878–887. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352787561_optimization_of_mechanical_expression_of_castor_seeds_oil_ricinus_communis_using_response_surface_methodology.
  • Liu, R.; Xiao, Z.; Li, C. G.; Zhang, L.; Li, P.; Li, H.; Zhang, A.; Tang, S.; Sun, F. Calculation of Equivalent Friction Coefficient for Castor Seed by Single Screw Press. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2017, 81, 012185. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/81/1/012185.
  • Arawande, O. J.; Akinnusotu, A. Comparative Study on Extraction and Characterization of Castor Seed and Oil from Three Different State Capitals in Nigeria. Am. J. Food Sci. Nutr 2018, 5, 37–42. https://oer.unimed.edu.ng/JOURNALS/5/3/Dr-Arawande-Comparative-Study-on-Extraction-and-Characterization-of-Castor-Seed-and-Oil-from-Three-DOER1235743.pdf.
  • Bekele, B. A.; Ourgessa, A. W.; Terefe, A. A.; Hailu, S. S. Studies on Ethiopian Castor Seed (Ricinus Communis L.): Extraction and Characterization of Seed Oil. J. Nat. Prod. Resour 2018, 4(2), 188–190. DOI: 10.30799/jnpr.064.18040204.
  • Yang, L.; Chen, H.; Hu, M.; Song, S.; Zhang, Y. Optimization of Mechanical Extraction by Response Surface Methodology and Oil Yield Characterization from Single-Grain Castor Seed. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2022, 124, 2200016. DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202200016.
  • Busari, R. A.; Olaoye, J. O.; Adebayo, E. S.; Fadeyibi, A. Development and Evaluation of a Combined Roaster Expeller for Castor Oil Seeds for Biodiesel Production. Res. Agric. Eng. 2022, 68(4), 169–179. DOI: 10.17221/83/2020-RAE.
  • Isah, A. G. Production of Detergent from Castor Oil. Leonardo Electron. J. Pract. Technol 2006, 5, 153–160. http://lejpt.academicdirect.org/A09/153_160.pdf.
  • Abitogun, A. S.; Alademeyin, O. J.; Oloye, D. A. Extraction and Characterization of Castor Seed Oil. Internet J. Nutr. Wellness 2008, 8, 1–8. https://print.ispub.com/api/0/ispub-article/8273.
  • Salimon, J.; Noor, D. A. M.; Nazrizawati, A. T.; Firdaus, M. M.; Noraishah, A. Fatty Acid Composition and Physicochemical Properties of Malaysian Castor Bean Ricinus Communis L. Seed Oil. Sains Malays. 2010, 39, 761–764. http://journalarticle.ukm.my/7401/1/01_Md_Yeaminhossain.pdf.
  • Dasari, S. R.; Goud, V. V. Comparative Extraction of Castor Seed Oil Using Polar and Non-Polar Solvents. Int. J. Curr. Eng. Technol. 2013, 1, 121–123. http://inpressco.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Paper24121-123.pdf.
  • Nangbes, J. G.; Nvau, J. B.; Buba, W. M.; Zukdimma, A. N. Extraction and Characterization of Castor (Ricinus communis) Seed Oil. Int. J. Eng. Sci. 2013, 2, 105–109. https://theijes.com/papers/v2-i9/Part.3/P029301050109.pdf.
  • Omari, A.; Mgani, Q. A.; Mubofu, E. B. Fatty Acid Profile and Physico-Chemical Parameters of Castor Oils in Tanzania. Green Sustainable Chem. 2015, 5(4), 154–163. DOI: 10.4236/gsc.2015.54019.
  • Khalil, W. O. Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Castor Oil (Ricinus communis; L). BScD, University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan, 2016.
  • Panhwar, T.; Mahesar, S. A.; Mahesar, A. W.; Kandhro, A. A.; Talpur, F. N.; Laghari, Z. H.; Chang, A. S.; Hussain Sherazi, S. T. Characteristics and Composition of a High Oil Yielding Castor Variety from Pakistan. J. Oleo. Sci. 2016, 65(6), 471–476. DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess15208.
  • Fadhil, A. B.; Al-Tikrity, E. T. B.; Albadree, M. A. Biodiesel Production from Mixed Non-Edible Oils, Castor Seed Oil and Waste Fish Oil. Fuel 2017, 210, 721–728. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.09.009.
  • Mohammed, H. D.; Muhammed, D. D.; Gutti, B. Extraction and Characterization of Castor Seed Oil. Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res. 2017, 8, 341–345.
  • Dasari, S. R.; Goud, V. V. Effect of Pre-Treatment on Solvents Extraction and Physico-Chemical Properties of Castor Seed Oil. J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 2014, 6(6), 063108. DOI: 10.1063/1.4901542.
  • Deshamukh, M.; Shinde, A.; Nirmal, S.; Nair, H. Synthesis and Characterization of Castor Oil and Deoiled Cake As Fertilizer. Int. J. Chem. Eng. Res 2018, 10, 95–103. https://www.ripublication.com/ijcher18/ijcherv10n2_02.pdf.
  • Sbihi, H. M.; Nehdi, I. A.; Mokbli, S.; Romdhani-Younes, M.; Al-Resayes, S. I. Hexane and Ethanol Extracted Seed Oils and Leaf Essential Compositions from Two Castor Plant (Ricinus Communis L.) Varieties. Ind. Crops Prod. 2018, 122, 174–181. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.072.
  • Ibrahim, N. A.; Zaini, M. A. A. Microwave-Assisted Solvent Extraction of Castor Oil from Castor Seeds. Chin J Chem Eng 2018, 26(12), 2516–2522. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2018.07.009.
  • Raheem, W. A.; Lawal, B. A.; Akanbi, W. B.; Ojo, A. M. Assessment of Seed Oil Yield and Characteristics of ten Castor Plant (Ricinus Communis L.) Accessions in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Nigeria, J. Cereals Oilseeds 2019, 10(2), 23–28. DOI: 10.5897/JCO2019.0198.
  • Thakkar, K.; Shaha, K.; Kodgire, P.; Kachhwaha, S. S. In-Situ Reactive Extraction of Castor Seeds for Biodiesel Production Using the Coordinated Ultrasound – Microwave Irradiation: Process Optimization and Kinetic Modeling. Ultrason Sonochem. 2019, 50, 6–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.08.007.
  • Naveenkumar, R.; Baskar, G. Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction of Oil from Castor Seeds: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology, Extraction Kinetics and Characterization. Energy Sour. Part A: Recovery, Util. Environ. Effects 2019, 44(1), 2497–2508. DOI: 10.1080/15567036.2019.1650136.
  • López-Ordaz, P.; Chanona-Péreza, J. J.; Perea-Flores, M. J.; Sánchez-Fuentes, C. E.; Mendoza-Pérez, J. A.; Arzate-Vázquez, I.; Yáñez-Fernández, J.; Torres-Ventura, H. H. Effect of the Extraction by Thermosonication on Castor Oil Quality and the Microstructure of Its Residual Cake. Ind. Crops Prod. 2019, 141, 111760. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111760.
  • Muhammad, C.; Muhammad Mukhtar, M.; Jibrin, M. S.; Dabai, M. U.; Baki, A. S. Assessment of Low Temperature Refining Process of Castor Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production. Am. J. Chem. Biochem. Eng 2019, 3(1), 1–6. DOI: 10.11648/j.ajcbe.20190301.11.
  • Liu, Q.; Li, P.; Chen, J.; Li, C.; Jiang, L.; Luo, M.; Sun, A. N. Optimization of Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Castor (Ricinus communis) Seeds Oil Using Response Surface Methodology. J. Biobased Mater. Bioenergy. 2019, 13(1), 114–122. DOI: 10.1166/jbmb.2019.1812.
  • Talab, S. Physiochemical Parameters of Extracted Castor Oil in Saudi Arabia. Adv. Pharm. Res 2019, 3(2), 59–61. DOI: 10.21608/APRH.2019.6659.1074.
  • Díaz-Suárez, P.; Rosales-Quintero, A.; Fernandez-Lafuente, R.; Sánchez, E. P.; Hernández-Cruz, M. C.; Ovando-Chacón, S. L.; Rodrigues, R. C.; Tacias-Pascacio, V. G. Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Ricinus Communis Seeds Oil Using Viscozyme L. Ind. Crops Prod. 2021, 170, 113811. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113811.
  • Omotehinse, S. A.; Ovuworie, G. Optimization of Small Castor Seed (Ricinus communis) Oil Extraction Yield Using Response Surface Methodology. Int. J. Agric. Environ. Food Sci 2021, 5(3), 294–301. DOI: 10.31015/jaefs.2021.3.6.
  • Banik, S.; Rabeya, T.; Hasan, M.; Saha, D.; Islam, M. Bio-Lubricating Base Oil from Castor Oil (Ricinous communus). Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 2022, 57(1), 7–14. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v57i1.58895.
  • Eltuyb, A. A. A. Extraction and Characterization of Fatty Acid in Castor (Ricinus communis) Seed Oil. PhD, University of Gezira, Sudan, 2022.
  • Amarante, R. C. A.; Oliveira, P. M.; Schwantes, F. K.; Morón-Villarreyes, J. A. Oil Extraction from Castor Cake Using Ethanol: Kinetics and Thermodynamics. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2014, 53(16), 6824–6829. DOI: 10.1021/ie500508n.
  • Shridhar, B. S.; Beena, K. V.; Anita, M. V.; Paramjeet, K. B. Optimization and Characterization of Castor Seed Oil. Leonardo J. Sci 2010, 9, 59–70. http://ljs.academicdirect.org/A17/059_070.pdf.
  • Abdelmoez, W.; Ashour, E.; Naguib, S. M.; Hilal, A.; Al Mahdy, D. A.; Mahrous, E. A.; Abdel-Sattar, E. Kinetic and Thermodynamics Studies for Castor Oil Extraction Using Subcritical Water Technology. J. Oleo. Sci. 2016, 65(6), 477–485. DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess15298.
  • Boligon, S. D.; Scher, A. C.; Wenzel, B. M. Kinetics from Castor Oil Extraction Using Ethanol As Solvent. REGET. 2020, 24, 24e16. DOI: 10.5902/2236117062688.
  • Vasco, J. E. A.; Sabite, P.; Clavel, E.; Bandali, E. C.; Gueze, G. A.; João, D. A.; Gomundanhe, A. M.; Neuana, N. F. A Simple Method for Extraction of Ricinus Communis L. Oil and Its Application for Biodiesel Production by Ethylic Route. Discov. Sustain 2021, 2(1), 7. DOI: 10.1007/s43621-021-00017-y.
  • Turner, C.; Whitehand, L. C.; Nguyen, T.; McKeon, T. Optimization of a Supercritical Fluid Extraction/Reaction Methodology for the Analysis of Castor Oil Using Experimental Design. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2004, 52(1), 26–32. DOI: 10.1021/jf0347665.
  • Danlami, J. M.; Zaini, M. A. A.; Arsad, A.; Yunus, M. A. C. Solubility Assessment of Castor (Ricinus Communis L) Oil in Supercritical CO2 at Different Temperatures and Pressures Under Dynamic Conditions. Ind. Crops Prod. 2015b, 76(76), 34–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.06.010.
  • Danlami, J. M.; Zaini, M. A. A.; Arsad, A.; Yunus, M. A. C. A Parametric Investigation of Castor Oil (Ricinus Comminis L) Extraction Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide via Response Surface Optimization. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 2015c, 53(53), 32–39. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.02.033.
  • Zeng, F.-T.; Rukuan, L.; Zhihong, X.; Changzhu, L.; Ye, H. Castor Oil Extraction from Cold Pressed Cake Using Subcritical N-Butane Under Low Temperature and Refining Process of Oil. J. Bioprocess Eng. Bioref 2014, 3, 196–201. DOI: 10.1166/jbeb.2014.1091.
  • Palconite, C. L.; Edrolin, A. C.; Lustre, S. N. B.; Manto, A. A.; Caballero, J. R. L.; Tizo, M. S.; Ido, A. L.; Arazo, R. O. Optimization and Characterization of Bio-Oil Produced from Ricinus Communis Seeds via Ultrasonic-Assisted Solvent Extraction Through Response Surface Methodology. Sustainable Environ. Res. 2018, 28(6), 444–453. DOI: 10.1016/j.serj.2018.07.006.
  • Thakkar, K.; Kachhwaha, S. S.; Kodgire, P. Enhanced Castor Seed Oil Extraction Assisted by the Synergistic Effect of Ultrasound and Microwave: Impact on Extraction Effectiveness and Oil Quality. Chem. Eng. Process. 2023, 185, 109307. DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2023.109307.
  • Offurum, J. C.; Nwakaudu, M. S.; Ndukwe, O. C.; Kamalu, C. I. O.; Dike, M. C. Extraction and Characterization of Castor Seed Oil. Cont. J. Eng. Sci 2017, 12, 1–9. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.583159.
  • Mensah, B.; Ochran, R. Physicochemical Characteristics of Castor Oil from Local Wild Castor Plant in Ghana. Ghana J. Sci 2005, 45(1), 41–44. DOI: 10.4314/gjs.v45i1.15910.
  • Ogunniyi, D. Castor Oil: A Vital Industrial Raw Material. Bioresources Technol. 2006, 97, 1086–1091. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.028.
  • Naughton, F. C. Castor Oil. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology; Wiley, 2000; pp. 150–159. DOI: 10.1002/0471238961.0301192014012107.a01.
  • Castor Oil Extraction Machine - Expeller Pressed Castor Seed Oil, ABC Mashinery; Anyang, Henan, China. https://www.abcmach.com/oil-pressing/castor-oil-extraction-machine.html. (accessed Jan 6, 2024).
  • Wakelyn, P. J.; Wan, P. J. Solvent Extraction to Obtain Edible Oil Products. In Functional Lipids, Akoh, C. C., Ed.; Taylor & Francis Group: Boca Raton, 2006; pp. 89–131.
  • Dubois, J.-L. Arkema: Castor Reactive Seed Crushing Process to Promote Castor Cultivation. In Industrial Biorenewables – a Practical Viewpoint, De María, P. D., Ed.; Wiley: Hoboken, 2016; pp. 64–95.
  • Stratakos, A. C.; Koidis, A. Methods for Extracting Essential Oils. In Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety, Preedy, V. R., Ed.; Academic Press: London, 2016; pp. 35–38.
  • Xu, W.; Yan, X.; Shao, R.; Chen, L.; Ke, Z. Optimization of Ultrasonic-Microwave Synergistic Extraction of Ricinine from Castor Cake by Response Surface Methodology. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol 2016, 17(13), 1126–1133. DOI: 10.2174/1389201017666160920091657.
  • Osorio-González, C. S.; Gómez-Falcon, N.; Sandoval-Salas, F.; Saini, R.; Brar, S. K.; Ramírez, A. A. Production of Biodiesel from Castor Oil: A Review. Energies 2020, 13(10), 2467. DOI: 10.3390/en13102467.
  • Gallego, R.; Mónica Bueno, M.; Herrero, M. Sub- and Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Plants, Food-By-Products, Seaweeds and Microalgae – an Update. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2019, 116, 198–213. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.04.030.
  • Akande, T. O.; Odunsi, A.; Akinfala, E. A Review of Nutritional and Toxicological Implications of Castor Bean (Ricinus Communis L.) Meal in Animal Feeding Systems. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 2016, 100(2), 201–210. DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12360.
  • Anandan, S.; Anil Kumar, G. K.; Ghosh, J.; Ramachandra, K. S. Effect of Different Physical and Chemical Treatments on Detoxification of Ricin in Castor Cake. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2005, 120, 159–168. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.10.002.
  • Huang, F.; Bao, C.; Peng, M.; Zhu, G.; He, Z.; Chen, X.; Luo, R.; Zhao, Y. Chromatographic Analysis of Fatty Acid Composition in Differently Sized Seeds of Castor Accessions. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip. 2015, 29(5), 892–900. DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1053410.
  • Guo, S.; Li, C.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, M.; Jia, D.; Zhang, X.; Liu, G.; Li, R.; Bing, Z.; Ji, H. Analysis of Volume Ratio of Castor/Soybean Oil Mixture on Minimum Quantity Lubrication Grinding Performance and Microstructure Evaluation by Fractal Dimension. Ind. Crops Prod. 2018, 111, 494–505. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.11.024.indcrop.2017.11.024.
  • Mohammed, B. S.; Awatif, A. M. Antibacterial Activity and Fatty Acid Composition of Sudanese Castor Bean (Ricinus Communis L) Seed Oil. Arabian J. Med. Arom. Plants 2018, 4, 1–8. DOI: 10.48347/IMIST.PRSM/ajmap-v4i1.11367.
  • Omohu, O. J.; Omale, A. C. Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acid Composition of Castor Bean Ricinus Communis L. Seed Oil. Eur. J. Biophys 2017, 5, 62–65. DOI: 10.11648/j.ejb.20170504.11.
  • Martini, W. S.; Porto, B. L. S.; de Oliveira, M. A. L.; Sant’ana, A. C. Comparative Study of the Lipid Profiles of Oils from Kernels of Peanut, Babassu, Coconut, Castor and Grape by GC-FID and Raman Spectroscopy. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2018, 29, 390–397. DOI: 10.21577/0103-5053.20170152.
  • de Souza Schneider, R. C.; Baldissarelli, V. Z.; Trombetta, F.; Martinelli, M.; Caramão, E. B. Optimization of Gas Chromatographic–Mass Spectrometric Analysis for Fatty Acids in Hydrogenated Castor Oil Obtained by Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation. Analytica Chimica Acta 2004, 505(2), 223–226. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.10.070.
  • Conceição, M. M.; Candeia, R. A.; Silva, F. C.; Bezerra, A. F.; Fernandes, V. J., Jr.; Souza, A. G. Thermoanalytical Characterization of Castor Oil Biodiesel. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2007, 11(5), 964–975. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2005.10.001.
  • Harhar, H.; Gharby, S.; Pioch, D.; Kartah, B.; Ibrahimi, M.; Charrouf, Z. Chemical Characterization and Oxidative Stability of Castor Oil Grown in Morocco. Mor. J. Chem. 2016, 4, 279–284. https://agritrop.cirad.fr/598910/1/598910.pdf.
  • Brännström, H.; Kumar, H.; Alén, R. Current and Potential Biofuel Production from Plant Oils. Bioenergy Res. 2018, 11(3), 592–613. DOI: 10.1007/s12155-018-9923-2.
  • MacKay, D. S.; Jones, P. J. H. Phytosterols in Human Nutrition: Type, Formulation, Delivery, and Physiological Function. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2011, 113(12), 1427–1432. DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100100.
  • Vezza, T.; Canet, F.; de Marañón, A. M.; Bañuls, C.; Rocha, M.; Víctor, V. M. Phytosterols: Nutritional Health Players in the Management of Obesity and Its Related Disorders. Antioxidants 2020, 9(12), 1266. DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121266.
  • Velasco, L.; Cuesta, Á. F.; Pascual-Villalobos, M. J.; Fernández-Martínez, J. M. Variability of Seed Quality Traits in Wild and Semi-Wild Accessions of Castor Collected in Spain. Ind. Crops Prod. 2015, 65, 203–209. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.12.019.
  • Lechner, M.; Reiter, B.; Lorbeer, E. Determination of Tocopherols and Sterols in Vegetable Oils by Solid-Phase Extraction and Subsequent Capillary Gas Chromatographic Analysis. J. Chromatogr. A. 1999, 857(1–2), 231–238. DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00751-7.
  • Frankel, E. N. The Antioxidant and Nutritional Effects of Tocopherols, Ascorbic Acid and Beta-Carotene in Relation to Processing of Edible Oils. Bibl. Nutr. Dieta 1989, 43, 297–312. DOI: 10.1159/000416714.
  • Zine, S.; Gharby, S.; El Hadek, M. Physicochemical Characterization of Opuntia ficus-indica Seed Oil from Morocco. Biosci. Biotechnol. Res. Asia 10, 2013, 10(1), 99–105. DOI: 10.13005/bbra/1099.
  • Top, E.; Sani, H. A.; Abdullah, A.; Muhamad, H.; Dauqan, A. G. M. Vitamin E and Beta Carotene Composition in Four Different Vegetable Oils. Am. J. App. Sci 2011, 8(5), 407–412. DOI: 10.3844/ajassp.2011.407.412.
  • Mordi, R. C.; Ademosun, O. T.; Ajanaku, C. O.; Olanrewaju, I. O.; Walton, J. C. Free Radical Mediated Oxidative Degradation of Carotenes and Xanthophylls. Molecules 2020, 25, 1038. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051038.
  • Atta, N. M.; Mohamed, E. S. A. Determination of Fat – Soluble Vitamins and Natural Antioxidants in Seventeen Vegetable Oils. J. Food Dairy Sci. 2017, 8(8), 323–330. DOI: 10.21608/jfds.2017.38892.
  • Santos, P. M.; Batista, D. L. J.; Ribeiro, L. A. F.; Boffo, E. F.; de Cerqueira, M. D.; Martins, D.; de Castro, R. D.; de Souza-Neta, L. C.; Pinto, E.; Zambotti-Villela, L., et al. Identification of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Compounds from the Oilseed Crop Ricinus Communis Using a Multiplatform Metabolite Profiling Approach. Ind. Crops Prod. 2018, 124, 834–844. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.08.061.
  • Chakravartula, S. V. S.; Guttarla, N. Identification and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds in Castor Seed. Nat. Prod. Res 2007, 21(12), 1073–1077. DOI: 10.1080/14786410701589766.
  • Boualem, M.; Mokhtar, M.; Saiah, F.; Benourad, F.; Bouhadiba, R.; Berkani, A. Identification of Mentha Piperita L. and Ricinus Communis L. Polyphenols by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS and Evaluation of Their Insecticidal Properties Against Aphis Spiraecola P. South Asian J. Exp. Biol 2017, 7(1), 28–34. DOI: 10.38150/sajeb.7(1).p28-34.
  • Kazeem, O.; Taiwo, O.; Kazeem, A.; Mondiu, D. Determination of Some Physical Properties of Castor (Ricirus communis) Oil. Int. J. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2014, 3, 1503–1508. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjdtpTjsIj_AhUkhP0HHauPDAwQFnoECA0QAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijset.com%2Fpublication%2Fv3%2F330.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3jknL1k9jOQjNh0DCtwMQ-.
  • Abdulrasheed, A. A. Characterization and Utilization of Castor Bean Seed Oil Extract for Production of Medicated Soap. Am. J. Eng. Res 2015, 4, 67–72. https://www.ajer.org/papers/v4(12)/J04012067072.pdf.
  • ASTM International, Annual Book of American Society for Testing and Material; West Conshohocken, PA. USA: American Society for Testing and Material, 2022.
  • Ohlson, R. Structure and Physical Properties of Fats. In Dietary Fats and Health, Perkins, E. G., and Visek, W. J., Eds.; Champaign, IL, USA: American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, 1983; pp. 44–55.
  • Pari, L.; Suardi, A.; Stefanoni, W.; Latterini, F.; Palmieri, N. Environmental and Economic Assessment of Castor Oil Supply Chain: A Case Study. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6339. DOI: 10.3390/su12166339.
  • Nascimento, D. A.; Brito, A. S.; da Silva, L. M. N.; Peixouto, L. S.; Cotrim, V. F. Water Use Efficiency of Castor Bean Under Semi-Arid Conditions of Brazil. Agric. Water Manage. 2022, 260, 107278. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107278.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.