Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Soils: Sources and Mitigation Potential

REFERENCES

• Banerjee , N. K. and Mosier , A. R. 1989 . Coated calcium carbide as a nitrification inhibitor in upland and flooded soils . J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci , 37 : 306 – 313 .
   Google Scholar
• Benbi , D. K. , Brar , K. , Toor , A. , Singh , P. and Singh , H. 2012a . Soil carbon pools under poplar-based agroforestry, rice-wheat, and maize-wheat cropping systems in semi-arid India . Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys , 92 : 107 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benbi , D. K. , Toor , A. and Kumar , S. 2012b . Management of organic amendments in rice-wheat cropping system determines the pool where carbon is sequestered . Plant Soil , 360 : 145 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benbi , D. K. , Biswas , C. R. , Bawa , S. S. and Kumar , K. 1998 . Influence of farmyard manure, inorganic fertilizers and weed control practices on some soil physical properties in a long-term experiment . Soil Use Manage , 14 : 52 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benbi , D. K. and Brar , J. S. 2009 . A 25-year record of carbon sequestration and soil properties in intensive agriculture . Agron. Sustain. Dev , 29 : 257 – 265 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benbi , D. K. and Chand , M. 2007 . Quantifying the effect of soil organic matter on indigenous soil N supply and wheat productivity in semiarid sub-tropical India . Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys , 79 : 103 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benbi , D. K. and Senapati , N. 2010 . Soil aggregation and carbon and nitrogen stabilization in relation to residue and manure application in rice–wheat systems in northwest India . Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys , 87 : 233 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswas , C. R. and Benbi , D. K. 1997 . Sustainable yield trends of irrigated maize and wheat in a long-term experiment on a loamy sand in semi-arid India . Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys , 46 : 225 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brovkin , V. , Stich , S. , von Bloh , W. , Claussen , M. , Bauer , E. and Cramer , W. 2004 . Role of land cover changes for atmospheric CO2 increase and climate change during the last 150 years . Global Change Biol , 10 : 1253 – 1266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burney , J. A. , Davis , S. J. and Lobell , D. B. 2010 . Greenhouse gas mitigation by agricultural intensification Vol. 107 , 12052 – 12057 . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA
   Google Scholar
• Canadell , J. G. , Corinne , L. Q. , Raupach , M. R. , Field , C. B. , Buitenhuis , E. T. , Ciais , P. , Conway , T. J. , Gillett , N. P. , Houghton , R. A. and Marland , G. 2007 . Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO₂ growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks Vol. 104 , 18866 – 18870 . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.
   Google Scholar
• Chen , Y. H. and Prinn , R. G. 2006 . Estimation of atmospheric methane emission between 1996–2001 using a 3-D global chemical transport model . J. Geophys. Res , 111 : D7 doi: 10.1029/2005JD006058.
   Google Scholar
• Cole , C. V. , Duxbury , J. , Freney , J. , Heinemeyer , O. , Minami , K. , Mosier , A. , Paustian , K. , Rosenberg , N. , Sampson , N. , Sauerbeck , D. and Zhao , Q. 1997 . Global estimates of potential mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions by agriculture . Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys , 49 : 221 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson , E. A. and Janssens , I. A. 2006 . Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change . Nature , : 165 – 173 . 440/9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denier van der Gon , H. A. C. and Neue , H. U . 1994 . Impact of gypsum application on the methane emission from a wetland rice field . Global Biogeochem. Cycles , 8 : 127 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denman , K. L. , Brasseur , G. , Chidthaisong , A. , Ciais , P. , Cox , P. M. , Dickinson , R. E. , Hauglustaine , D. , Heinze , C. , Holland , E. , Jacob , D. , Lohmann , U. , Ramachandran , S. , da Silva Dias , P. L. , Wofsy , S. C. and Zhang , X. 2007 . “ Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry ” . In The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Edited by: Solomon , S , Qin , D , Manning , M. , Chen , Z , Marquis , M , Averyt , K. B , Tignor , M and Miller , H. L . 499 – 587 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . InClimate change2007
   Google Scholar
• Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) . 2001 . Digest of United Kingdom energy statistics , London , UK : DTI .
   Google Scholar
• Duiker , S. 2005 . Carbon sequestration and farming . Field Crop News , 5 ( 10 ) : 2 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Environmental Information AdministrationEIA2000. Voluntary reporting of greenhouse gases 2000 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/vrrpt/chapter4.html (http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/vrrpt/chapter4.html)
   Google Scholar
• Forster , P. , Ramaswamy , V. , Artaxo , P. , Berntsen , T. , Betts , R. , Fahey , D. W. Haywood , J. 2007 . “ Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing ” . In The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Edited by: Solomon , S , Qin , D , Manning , M , Chen , Z , Marquis , M , Averyt , K. B , Tignor , M and Miller , H. L . 129 – 234 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . InClimate change2007
   Google Scholar
• Furukawa , Y. and Inubushi , K. 2002 . Feasible suppression technique of methane emission from paddy soil by iron amendment . Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys , 64 : 193 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granli , T. and Bøckman , O. C. 1994 . Nitrous oxide from agriculture . Norwegian J Agric. Sci. Suppl , 12 : 7 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , P. K. , Sharma , C. , Bhattacharya , S. and Mitra , A. P. 2002 . Scientific basis for establishing country greenhouse gas estimates for rice-based agriculture: An Indian case study . Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys , 64 : 19 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houghton , R. A. 2003 . Revised estimates of the annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use and land management 1850–2000 . Tellus , 55B:378–390
   Google Scholar
• Houghton, R. A. 2008. Carbon flux to the atmosphere from land-use changes. http:/cdiac .ornl.gov/trends/landuse/Houghton/Houghton.html (http://http:/cdiac .ornl.gov/trends/landuse/Houghton/Houghton.html)
   Google Scholar
• Houghton, R. A.J. L. Hackler. 2002. Carbon flux to the atmosphere from land-use changes. In Trends: A compendium of data on global change. Oak Ridge, TNCarbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/landuse/houghton/houghton.html (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/landuse/houghton/houghton.html)
   Google Scholar
• International Energy Agency (IEA) . 2006 . CO₂ emissions from fuel combustion, Part III: Greenhouse Gas Emissions , Paris : IEA .
   Google Scholar
• International Fertilizer Industry Association/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (IFA/FAO) . 2001 . Global estimates of gaseous emissions of NH3, NO and N₂O from agricultural land , Rome , Italy : IFA and FAO .
   Google Scholar
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 1996 . Climate change 1995: The science of climate change. In Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, , Edited by: Houghton , J. T , MeiraFilho , L. G , Callender , B. A. , Harris , N , Kattenberg , A and Maskell , K. Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . IPCCedited by
   Google Scholar
• Izaurralde , R. C. , Williams , J. R. , Post , W. M. , Thomson , A. M. , McGill , W. B. , Owens , L. B. and Lal , R. 2007 . Long-term modeling of soil C erosion and sequestration at the smaller watershed scale . Clim. Change , 80 : 73 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jäckel , U. and Schnell , S. 2000 . Suppression of methane emission from rice paddies by ferric iron fertilization . Soil Biol. Biochem , 32 : 1811 – 1814 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janzen , H. H. 2004 . Carbon cycling in earth systems: A soil science perspective . Agric. Ecosys. Environ , 104 : 377 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khosa , M. K. , Sidhu , B. S. and Benbi , D. K. 2010 . Effect of redox species on methane emission from submerged rice soils . Indian J. Ecol , 37 : 51 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Khosa , M. K. , Sidhu , B. and Benbi , D. K. 2011 . Methane emission from rice fields in relation to management of irrigation water . J. Environ. Biol , 32 : 169 – 172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kukal , S. , Rehana-Rasool , S. and Benbi , D. K. 2009 . Soil organic carbon sequestration in relation to organic and inorganic fertilization in rice-wheat and maize-wheat systems . Soil Till. Res , 102 : 87 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lal , R. 2004a . Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change . Geoderma , 123 : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lal , R. 2004b . Carbon emission from farm operations . Environ. Intern , 30 : 981 – 990 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikaloff Fletcher , S. E. , Bruhwiler , L. M. , Miller , J. B. and Heimann , M. 2004 . CH₄ sources determined from atmospheric observations of CH₄ and its ¹³C/¹²C isotopic ratios: 1. Inverse modeling of source processes. Global Biogeochem , Cycles 18: GB4004doi: 10./GB23.
   Google Scholar
• Mosier , A. R. , Duxbury , J. M. , Freney , J. R. , Heinemeyer , O. , Minami , K. and Johnson , D. E. 1998 . Mitigating agricultural emissions of methane . Clim. Change , 40 : 39 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieder , R. and Benbi , D. K. 2008 . “ nitrogen in the terrestrial environment ” . In Carbon and , Heidelberg , Germany : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Ogle , S. M. , Breidt , F. J. and Paustian , K. 2005 . Agricultural management impacts on soil organic carbon -storage under moist and dry climatic conditions of temperate and tropical regions . Biogeochem , 72 : 87 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivier , J. G. J. , van Aardenne , J. A. , Dentener , F. , Pagliari , V. , Ganzeveld , L. N. and Peters , J. A. H. W. 2005 . Recent trends in global greenhouse emissions: regional trends 1970–2000 and spatial distribution of key sources in 2000 . Environ. Sci , 2 : 81 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Pathak , H. , Byjesh , K. , Chanrabarti , B. and Aggarwal , P. K. 2011 . Potential and cost of carbon sequestration in Indian agriculture: Estimates from long-term field experiments . Field Crops Res , 120 : 102 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paustian , K. , Cole , C. V. , Sauerbeck , D. R. and Sampson , N. 1998 . CO2 mitigation by agriculture: an overview . Clim. Change , 40 : 135 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powlson , D. S. , Whitmore , A. P. and Goulding , K. W. T. 2011 . Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change: a critical re-examination to identify the true and the false . European J. Soil Sci , 62 : 42 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretty , J. N. 1995 . Regenerating agriculture , London , UK : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Pretty , J. N. , Ball , A. S. , Xiaoyun , L. and Ravindranathan , N. H. 2002 . The role of sustainable agriculture and renewable-resource management in reducing greenhouse-gas emissions and increasing sinks in China and India . Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A , 360 : 1741 – 1761 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raich , J. W. and Potter , C. S. 1995 . Global patterns of carbon dioxide emissions from soils . Global Biogeochem. Cycles , 9 : 23 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raich , J. W. and Schlesinger , W. H. 1992 . The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to climate . Tellus , 44B:81–99
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez , K. S , Craine , J. M. and Fierer , N. 2012 . Consistent effects of nitrogen amendments on soil microbial communities and processes across biomes Global Change Bioldoi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02639.x.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen , P. E. and Collins , H. P. 1991 . Long-term impacts of tillage, fertilizer, and crop residue on soil organic matter in temperate semiarid regions . Adv. Agron , 45 : 93 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renwick , W. H. , Smith , S. V. , Sleezer , R. O. and Buddemeier , R. W. 2004 . Comment on managing soil carbon (II) . Science , 305:1567c
   Google Scholar
• Roger , P. A. 1996 . Biology and management of the floodwater ecosystem in rice fields , Manila , Philippines : International Rice Research Institute, ORSTOM .
   Google Scholar
• Sahrawat , K. L. 2004 . Organic matter accumulation in submerged soils . Adv. Agron , 81 : 169 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sass , R. L. , Fisher , F. M. , Wang , Y. , Turner , F. T. and Jund , M. F. 1992 . Methane emission from rice fields: the effect of floodwater management . Global Biogeochem. Cycles , 6 : 249 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauerbeck , D. R. 2001 . CO2 emissions and C sequestration by agriculture- perspectives and limitations . Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys , 60 : 253 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlesinger , W. H. 1977 . Carbon balance in terrestrial detritus . Annu. Rev Ecol. Syst , 8 : 51 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Shao , K. S. and Li , Z. 1997 . Effect of rice cultivars and fertilizer management on methane emission in a rice paddy in Beijing . Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys , 49 : 139 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Six , J. , Feller , C. , Denef , K. , Ogle , S. M. , de Moraes Sa , J. C. and Albrecht , A . 2002 . Soil organic matter, biota and aggregation in temperate and tropical soils—Effects of no-tillage . Agronomie , 22 : 755 – 775 .
   Google Scholar
• Skiba , U. , Fowler , D. and Smith , K. A. 1997 . Nitric oxide emissions from agricultural soils in temperate and tropical climates: sources, controls and mitigation options . Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys , 48 : 139 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , P. , Martino , D. , Cai , Z. , Gwary , D. , Janzen , H. , Kumar , P. , McCarl , B. , Ogle , S. , O'Mara , F. , Rice , C. , Scholes , B. and Sirotenko , O. 2007 . “ Agriculture in climate change: Mitigation ” . In Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Edited by: Metz , B , Davidson , O. R , Bosch , P. R , Dave , R. and Meyer , L. A . 498 – 540 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . Inedited by
   Google Scholar
• Smith , P. , Powlson , D. S. , Glending , M. J. and Smith , J. O. U. 1998 . Preliminary estimates of the potential for carbon mitigation in European soils through no-till farming . Global Change Biol , 4 : 679 – 685 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sodhi , G. , Beri , V. and Benbi , D. K. 2009 . Soil aggregation and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in -different fractions under long-term application of compost in rice-wheat system . Soil Till. Res , 103 : 412 – 418 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stallard , R. F. 1998 . Terrestrial sedimentation and the carbon cycle: Coupling weathering and erosion to carbon burial . Global Biogeochem. Cycles , 12 ( 231 )
   Google Scholar
• Stehfest , E. 2006 . Modelling of global crop production and resulting N₂O emissions , Hesse , Germany. : University of Kassel . PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Timothy, H. 2009. World greenhouse gas emissions in 2005.WRI Working Paper. World Resources Institute. http://www.wri.org/publication/navigating-the-numbers (http://www.wri.org/publication/navigating-the-numbers)
   Google Scholar
• Trolldenier , G. 1995 . Methanogenesis during rice growth as related to the water regime between crop seasons . Biol. Fertil. Soils , 19 : 84 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyEPA2006. Global anthropogenic emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases 1999–2020. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/economics/international .html#global_anthropogenic (http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/economics/international .html#global_anthropogenic)
   Google Scholar
• Wang , J. S. , Logan , J. A. , McElroy , M. B. , Duncan , B. N. , Megretskaia , I. A. and Yantosaca , R. 2004 . A 3-D model analysis of the slowdown and interannual variability in the methane growth rate from 1988 to . Global Biogeochem. Cycles , 18 GBdoi:10.1029/3003GB002180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassmann , R. and Aulakh , M. S. 2000 . The role of rice plants in regulating mechanisms of methane emissions . Biol. Fertil. Soils , 31 : 20 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassmann , R. , Neue , H. U. , Lantin , R. , Makarim , K. , Chareonsilp , N. , Buendia , L. V. and Rennenberg , H. 2000 . Characterization of methane emissions from rice fields in Asia. II. Differences among irrigated, rainfed, and deepwater rice . Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys , 58 : 13 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West , T. O. and Post , W. M. 2002 . Soil organic carbon sequestration rates by tillage and crop rotation: a global data analysis . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J , 66:1,930–1,946
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winjum , J. K. , Dixon , R. K. and Shroeder , P. E. 1992 . Estimating the global potential of forest and agro-forest management practices to sequester carbon . Air, Water Soil Poll , 64 : 213 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , L. 2011 . Carbon accumulation in paddy ecosystems in subtropical China: Evidence from landscape studies . European J Soil Sci , 62 : 29 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuebbles , D. J. and Hayhoe , K. 2002 . Atmospheric methane and global change . Earth Sci. Review , 57 : 177 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yagi , K. 2002 . “ Methane emission in rice, mitigation options ” . In Encyclopaedia of Soil Science , Edited by: Lal , R . 814 – 818 . New York , NY : Marcel Dekker . Inedited by
   Google Scholar
• Yan , X. , Ohara , T. and Akimoto , H. 2003 . Development of region-specific emission factors and estimation of methane emission from rice fields in the East, Southeast and South Asian countries . Global Change Biol , 9 : 237 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan , X. , Yagi , K. , Akiyama , H. and Akimoto , H. 2005 . Statistical analysis of the major variables controlling methane emission from rice fields . Global Change Biol , 11 : 1131 – 1141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng , X. , Wang , M. X. , Wang , Y. , Shen , R. and Li , J. 2000 . Mitigation options on greenhouse gas (CH₄, N₂O, NO) emissions from cropland. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 17 83 – 92 .
   Google Scholar