Intercropping for enhancement and provisioning of ecosystem services in smallholder, rural farming systems in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa: a review

References

• Abbas, F., H. M. Hammad, S. Fahad, S. A. Cerdà, M. Rizwan, W. Farhad, S. Ehsan, and H. F. Bakhat. 2017. “Agroforestry: A Sustainable Environmental Practice for Carbon Sequestration under the Climate Change Scenarios-A Review.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24: 11177–11191. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-8687-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abera, R., W. Worku, and S. Beyene. 2017. “Performance Variation among Improved Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Genotypes under Sole and Intercropping with Maize (Zea Mays L.).” African Journal of Agricultural Research 12 (6): 397–405. doi:10.5897/AJAR2016.11794.
   Google Scholar
• Addo-Quaye, A. A., A. A. Darkwa, and G. K. Ocloo. 2011. “Growth Analysis of Component Crops in a Maize-Soybean Intercropping System as Affected by Time of Planting and Spatial Arrangement.” ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 6 (6): 34–44.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad, A. A., T. J. K. Radovich, and N. V. Hue. 2015. “Effect of Intercropping Three Legume Species on Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn (Zea Mays) in Hawaii.” Journal of Crop Improvement 29 (3): 370–378. doi:10.1080/15427528.2015.1041666.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altieri, M. A. 2009. “Agroecology, Small Farms and Food Sovereignty.” Monthly Review 61 (3): 1–14. doi:10.14452/MR-061-03-2009-07_8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altieri, M. A., C. I. Nicholls, and R. Montalba. 2017. “Technological Approaches to Sustainable Agriculture at a Crossroads: An Agroecological Perspective.” Sustainability 9 (3): 1–13. doi:10.3390/su9030349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ates, S., H. Cicek, L. W. Bell, H. C. Norman, D. E. Mayberry, S. Kassam, D. B. Hannaway, and M. Louhaichi. 2018. “Sustainable Development of Smallholder Crop-Livestock Farming in Developing Countries.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 142: 012076. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/142/1/012076.
   Google Scholar
• Baghdadi, A., R. A. Halim, R. Othman, M. M. Yusof, and A. R. M. Atashgahi. 2016. “Productivity, Relative Yield and Plant Growth of Forage Corn Intercropped with Soybean under Different Crop Combination Ratio.” Legume Research 39 (4): 558–564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banik, P., and R. C. Sharma. 2009. “Yield and Resource Utilization Efficiency in Baby Corn—Legume-Intercropping System in the Eastern Plateau of India.” Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 33 (4): 379–395. doi:10.1080/10440040902834970.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bareja, B. G. 2010. “What Is and How Crops are Arranged in Row Planting.” https//www.cropsreview.com.
   Google Scholar
• Barrios, E. 2007. “Soil Biota, Ecosystem Services and Land Productivity.” Ecological Economics 64: 269–285. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrios, E., K. Shepherd, and F. Sinclair. 2015. Soil health and agricultural sustainability: The role of soil Biota. Proceedings of the FAO international symposium, 18-19 September 2014. Rome, Itally.
   Google Scholar
• Basha, S. J., A. S. R. Sarma, and S. K. Ahammed. 2017. “Agronomic Manipulations for Pests and Diseases Management in Chickpea: A Review.” International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 5 (2): 842–849. doi:10.18782/2320-7051.2766.
   Google Scholar
• Beets, W.C., . 1990. Raising and Sustaining Productivity Of Smallholder Farming Systems in The Tropics: a Handbook Of Sustainable Agricultural Development. Alkmaar, The Netherlands: AgBé Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Belel, M. D., R. A. Halim, M. Y. Rafii, and H. M. Saud. 2014. “Intercropping of Corn with Some Selected Legumes for Improved Forage Production: A Review.” Journal of Agricultural Science 6 (3): 1916–9760. doi:10.5539/jas.v6n3p48.
   Google Scholar
• Betencourt, E., M. Duputel, B. Colomb, D. Desclaux, and P. Hinsinger. 2012. “Intercropping Promotes the Ability of Durum Wheat and Chickpea to Increase Rhizosphere Phosphorus Availability in a Low P Soil.” Soil Biology andBiochemistry 46: 181–190. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.11.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilalis, D., P. Papastylianou, A. Konstantas, S. Patsiali, A. Karkanis, and A. Efthimiadou. 2010. “Weed-Suppressive Effects of Maize–Legume Intercropping in Organic Farming.” International Journal of Pest Management 56 (2): 173–181. doi:10.1080/09670870903304471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco-Canqui, H., T. M. Shaver, J. L. Lindquist, C. A. Shapiro, R. W. Elmore, C. A. Francis, and G. W. Hergert. 2015. “Cover Crops and Ecosystem Services: Insights from Studies in Temperate Soils.” Agronomy & Horticulture – Faculty Publications 844. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agronomyfacpub/844.
   Google Scholar
• Bolan, N. S. 1991. “Acritical Review on the Role of Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Uptake of Phosphorus by Plants.” Plant and Soil 134 (2): 189–207. doi:10.1007/BF00012037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brar, B. S., G. S. Dheri, R. Lal, K. Singh, and S. S. Walia. 2015. “Cropping Systems Impacts on Carbon Fractions and Accretion in Typic Ustochrept Soil of Punjab, India.” Journal of Crop Improvement 29: 281–300. doi:10.180/15427528.2015.1016251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooker, R. W., A. E. Bennet, W. F. Cong, T. J. Daniell, T. S. George, P. D. Hallet, C. Hawes, et al. 2014. “Improving Intercropping: A Synthesis of Research in Agronomy, Plant Physiology and Ecology.” New Phytologist 206 (1): 107–117. doi:10.1111/nph.13132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooker, R. W., A. J. Karley, A. C. Newton, R. J. Pakeman, and C. Schöb. 2016. “Facilitation and Sustainable Agriculture: A Mechanistic Approach to Reconciling Crop Production and Conservation.” Functional Ecology 30: 98–107. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12496.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooker, R.W., A.E. Bennet, W.F. Cong, T.J. Daniell, T.S. George, P.D. Hallet, and C. Hawes, et al. 2015. “Improving Intercropping: a Synthesis Of Research in Agronomy, Plant Physiology and Ecology.” New Phytologist 206 (1): 107-117. doi: 10.1111/nph.13132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bybee-Finley, K. N., and M. R. Ryan. 2018. “Advancing Intercropping Research and Practices in Industrialized Agricultural Landscapes.” Agriculture 8 (80): 1–24. doi:10.3390/agriculture8060080.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, P., Q. Du, X. Liu, L. Zhou, S. Hussain, L. Lei, C. Song, et al. 2017. “Effects of Reduced Nitrogen Inputs on Crop Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in a Long-Term Maize- Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping System.” PLoS One 12 (9): e0184503. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chintu, R., P. L. Mafongonya, T. S. Chirwa, M. Mwale, and J. Matibini. 2004. “Subsoil Nitrogen Dynamics as Affected by Coppicing Tree Legume Fallows in Eastern Zambia.” Experimental Agriculture 40: 327–340. doi:10.1017/S0014479704001826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cong, W. F., E. Hoffland, L. Li, B. H. Janssen, and W. van der Werf. 2015. “Intercropping Affects the Rate of Decomposition of Soil Organic Matter and Root Litter.” Plant Soil 391: 399–411. doi:10.1007/s11104-015-2433-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dane, S., V. Laugale, L. Lepse, and D. Siliņa. 2017. “Influence of Legumes on Soil Fertility in Strawberry-Legume Intercropping.” Research for Rural Development 2: 27–32. doi:10.22616/rrd.23.2017.045.
   Google Scholar
• Darch, T., C. D. Giles, M. S. A. Blackwell, T. S. George, L. K. Brown, D. Menezes-Blackburn, C. A. Shand, et al. 2018. “Inter- and Intra-Species Intercropping of Barley Cultivars and Legume Species, as Affected by Soil Phosphorus Availability.” Plant and Soil 427: 125–138. doi:10.1007/s11104-017-3365-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dissanayaka, D. M. S. B., W. M. K. R. Wickramasinghe, B. Makarambe, and J. Wasaki. 2016. “Phosphorus-Mobilization Strategy Based on Carboxylate Exudation in Lupins (Lupinus, Fabaceae): A Mechanism Facilitating the Growth and Phosphorus Acquisition of Neighbouring Plants under Phosphorus-Limited Conditions.” Experimenta. Agriculture 53 (2): 308–319. doi:10.1017/S0014479716000351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, N., M. M. Tang, W. P. Zhang, X. G. Bao, Y. Wang, P. Christie, and L. Li. 2018. “Temporal Differentiation of Crop Growth as One of the Drivers of Intercropping Yield Advantage.” Scientific Reports 8 (1): 3110. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21414-w.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duchene, O., J. F. Vian, and F. Celette. 2017. “Intercropping with Legume for Agroecological Cropping Systems: Complementarity and Facilitation Processes and the Importance of Soil Microorganisms. A Review.” Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 240: 148–161. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2017.02.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwivedi, A., A. Singh, R. K. Naresh, M. Kumar, V. Kumar, P. Bankoti, D. Kumar, S. Thaneshwar, A. Singh, and O. Singh. 2016. “Towards Sustainable Intensification of Maize (Zea Mays L.) + Legume Intercropping Systems; Experiences; Challenges and Opportunities in India: A Critical Review.” Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 10 (1): 725–740.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrmann, J., and K. Ritz. 2014. “Plant: Soil Interactions in Temperate Multi-Cropping Production Systems.” Plant Soil 376: 1–29. doi:10.1007/s11104-013-1921-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskandari, H., A. Ghanbari, and A. Javanmard. 2009. “Intercropping Of Cereals and Legumes for Forage Production.” Notulae Scientia Biologicae 1 (1): 7-13. doi:10.15835/nsb113479.
   Google Scholar
• Everson, C. S., C. Andersson, T. M. Everson, and S. Ghehezi. 2007. “Growth and Water Use of a Jatropha/Kikuyu Silvopastoral System for the Production of Biofuel and Fodder.” Proc. International Committee on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), 2nd African Regional Conference, November 6 Johannesburg, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Everson, C. S., T. M. Everson, and W. van Niekerk. 2008. “Soil Water Competition in a Temperate Hedgerow Agroforestry System in South Africa.” Agroforestry Systems 75 (3): 211–221. doi:10.1007/s10457-008-9174-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faleyimu, O. I., and O. Akinyemi. 2010. “The Role of Trees in Soil and Nutrient Conservation.” African Journal of General Agriculture 6 (2): 77–82.
   Google Scholar
• Fininsa, C. 2008. “Effect of Intercropping Bean with Maize on Bean Common Bacterial Blight and Rust Diseases.” International Journal of Pest Management 42 (1): 51–54. doi:10.1080/09670879609371969.
   Google Scholar
• Franzel, S., S. Carsan, B. Lukuyu, J. Sinja, and C. Wambugu. 2014. “Fodder Trees for Improving Livestock Productivity and Smallholder Livelihoods in Africa.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 6: 98–103. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2013.11.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frison, E. 2008. “Green Revolution in Africa Will Depend on Biodiversity.” Development and Cooperation 49 (5): 190–193.
   Google Scholar
• Gaba, S., F. Lescourret, S. Boudsocq, J. Enjalbert, P. Hinsinger, E. P. Journet, M. L. Navas, et al. 2014. “Multiple Cropping Systems as Drivers for Providing Multiple Ecosystem Services: From Concepts to Design.” Agronomy for Sustainable Development. doi:10.1007/s13593-014-0272-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gastol, N., and I. Domagala-Swiatkiewicz. 2015. “Mycorrhizal Inoculation of Apple in Replant Soils-Enhance Tree Growth and Mineral Nutrient Status.” Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Hortorum Cultus 14 (4): 17–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaffarzadeh, M. 1999. Strip Intercropping. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University, University Extension.
   Google Scholar
• Ghaffarzadeh, M., F. G. Precha, and R. M. Cruse. 1997. “Tillage Effect on Soil Water Content and Corn Yield in a Strip Intercropping System.” Agronomy Journal 89: 893–899. doi:10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900060008x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gliessman, S. R. 1998. Agroecology: Ecological Process in Sustainable Agriculture. Michigan: Ann Arbor Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gliessman, S. R. 2006. Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems, Second ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Gliessman, S. R. 2015. Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems, Third ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Goldmon, D. L. 1991. “Relay Intercropping Soybean into Winter Wheat: Genetic and Environmental Factors”. Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 10034., https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/10034.
   Google Scholar
• Grain, S. A. 2015. Introduction to Conservation Agriculture. Pretoria, South Africa: Grain SA Conservation Farmer Innovation Programme.
   Google Scholar
• Hamzei, J., and M. Babaei. 2017. “Study of Quality and Quantity of Yield and Land Equivalent Ratio of Sunflower in Intercropping Series with Bean.” Būm/shināsī- i kishāvarzī 8 (4): 490–504. doi:10.22067/jag.v8i4.37250. (15).
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, R., R. Scholes, and N. Ash, eds. 2005. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing. Vol. 1. Washington: Current State and Trends, Island Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hassen, A., L. Gizachew, and N. F. G. Rethman. 2006. “Effect of Lablab Purpureus and Vicia Atropurpuria as an Intercrop, or in a Crop Rotation, on Grain and Forage Yields of Maize in Ethiopia.” Tropical Grasslands 40: 111–118.
   Google Scholar
• Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., and E. S. Jensen. 2001. “Evaluating Pea and Barley Cultivars for Complementarity in Intercropping at Different Levels of Soil N Availability.” Field Crops Research 72 (3): 185–196. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(01)00176-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himmelstein, J., A. Ares, D. Gallagher, and J. Myers. 2017. “A Meta-Analysis of Intercropping in Africa: Impacts on Crop Yield, Farmer Income, and Integrated Pest Management Effects.” International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 15 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1080/14735903.2016.1242332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Htet, M. N. S., P. Ya-Qin, X. Ya-Dong, R. N. Soomro, and H. Jiang-Bo. 2016. “Effect of Intercropping Maize (Zea Mays L.) With Soybean (Glycine Max L.) On Green Forage Yield, and Quality Evaluation.” IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 9 (12): 59–63.
   Google Scholar
• Htet, M. N. S., R. N. Soomro, and H. J. Bo. 2017. Effects of different planting pattern of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Intercropping in resource consumption on fodder yield, and silage quality. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 8: 666–679. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2017.84046.
   Google Scholar
• Jamshidia, K., A. R. Yousefia, and M. Oveisi. 2013. “Effect of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata) Intercropping on Weed Biomass and Maize (Zea Mays) Yield.” New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 41 (4): 180–188. doi:10.1080/01140671.2013.807853.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javanmard, A., A. D. M. Nasab, A. Javanshir, M. Moghaddam, and H. Janmohammadi. 2009. “Forage Yield and Quality in Intercropping of Maize with Different Legumes as Double Cropped.” Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 7 (1): 163-166.
   Google Scholar
• Kabirizi, J., L. Taabu, L., . J. Kigongo, C. Namazzi, G. Ebiyau, J. Oketayot, and S. Ogwal. 2010. “The Contribution of Women to Food and Fodder Production in War Affected Areas of Gulu District in Uganda.” Second RUFORUM Biennial Meeting September 20-24, Entebbe, Uganda. http://www.ruforum.org/sites/default/files/file/Biennual
   Google Scholar
• Kanene, K. M. 2016. “Indigenous Practices of Environmental Sustainability in the Tonga Community of Southern Zambia.” Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 8: 11–17. doi:10.4102/jamba.v8i1.331.
   Google Scholar
• Kasiime, M.K., P. van Astenc, and K. Sneyersd. 2018. Farm diversity and resource use efficiency: Targeting agricultural policy interventions in East Africa farmingsystems. NJAS Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 85: 32–41.
   Google Scholar
• Kassie, M. 2011. “Economic and Environmental Benefits of Forage Legume-Cereal Intercropping in the Mixed Farming System: A Case Study in West Gojam.” EDRI Working Paper 005, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: EDRI.
   Google Scholar
• Kebebew, S. 2014. “Intercropping Soybean (Glycine Max L.) at Different Population Densities with Maize (Zea Mays L.) on Yield Component.” Yield and System Productivity at Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia. Journal Of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development 1 (7): 121-127.
   Google Scholar
• Kermah, M., A. C. Franke, S. Adjei-Nsiah, B. D. K. Ahiabor, R. C. Abaidoo, and K. E. Giller. 2017. “Maize-Grain Legume Intercropping for Enhanced Resource Use Efficiency and Crop Productivity in the Guinea Savanna of Northern Ghana.” Field Crops Research 213: 38–50. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2017.07.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, M. A., K. Ali, Z. Hussain, and R. A. Afridi. 2012. “Impact of Maize-Legume Intercropping on Weeds and Maize Crop.” Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research 18 (1): 127–136.
   Google Scholar
• Kidane, B. Z., M. H. Hailu, and H. T. Haile. 2017. “Maize and Potato Intercropping: A Technology to Increase Productivity and Profitability in Tigray.” Open Agriculture 2: 411–416. doi:10.1515/opag-2017-0044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo, H., J. Kleemann, and C. Fürst. 2018. “Land Use Scenario Modeling Based on Local Knowledge for the Provision of Ecosystem Services in Northern Ghana.” Land 7 (59): 2–21. doi:10.3390/land7020059.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, B., U. S. Tiwana, A. Singh, and H. Ram. 2014. “Productivity and Quality of Intercropped Maize (Zea Mays L.) Plus Cowpea [Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp.] Fodder as Influenced by Nitrogen and Phosphorus Levels.” Range Management and Agroforestry 35 (2): 263–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuyah, S., I. Öborn, M. Jonsson, A. S. Dahlin, E. Barrios, C. Muthuri, A. Malmer, et al. 2016. “Trees in Agricultural Landscapes Enhance Provision of Ecosystem Services in Sub-Saharan Africa.” International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 12 (4): 255–273. doi:10.1080/21513732.2016.1214178.
   Google Scholar
• Lei, T., W. Zhan, J. Xiao, X. Huang, and J. Mao. 2009. “Water Use Efficiency of a Mixed Cropping System of Corn with Grasses.” International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 12 (1): 55–59. doi:10.1080/13504500509469618.
   Google Scholar
• Lemessa, F., and M. Wakjira. 2015. “Cover Crops as a Means of Ecological Weed Management in Agroecosystems.” Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology 18 (2): 123–135. doi:10.1007/s12892-014-0085-2.
   Google Scholar
• Lesoing, G., R. Moomaw, and C. Francis. 1991. “G91-1024 Two Crops in One Year: Relay Intercropping.” Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension 722. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhist/722.
   Google Scholar
• Li, L., D. Tilman, H. Lambers, and F. S. Zhang. 2014. “Plant Diversity and Overyielding: Insights from Belowground Facilitation of Intercropping in Agriculture.” New Phytologist 203: 63–69. doi:10.1111/nph.12778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L., J. Sun, F. Zhang, X. Li, S. Yang, and Z. Rengel. 2001. “Wheat/Maize or Wheat/Soybean Strip Intercropping I. Yield Advantage and Interspecific Interactions on Nutrients.” Field Crops Research 71: 123–137. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(01)00156-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Q., J. Chen, L. Wu, X. Luo, N. Li, Y. Arafat, S. Lin, and W. Lin. 2018. “Belowground Interactions Impact the Soil Bacterial Community, Soil Fertility, and Crop Yield in Maize/Peanut Intercropping Systems.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19: 622. doi:10.3390/ijms19020622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebenberg, B. C. 1997. “Intercropping of Maize and Dry Beans for the Vulindlela District of Kwazulu-Natal.” M.Sc. thesis (unpublished)., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Liebman, M., and E. Dyck. 1993. “Crop Rotation and Intercropping Strategies for Weed Management.” Ecological Applications 3 (1): 92–122. doi:10.2307/1941795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W., Y. Zhang, S. Jiang, Y. Deng, P. Christie, P. J. Murray, X. Li, and J. Zhang. 2016. “Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Soil and Roots Respond Differently to Phosphorus Inputs in an Intensively Managed Calcareous Agricultural Soil.” Scientific Reports 6: 24902. doi:10.1038/srep24902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lulie, B. 2017. “Intercropping Practice as an Alternative Pathway for Sustainable Agriculture: A Review.” Academic Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Research 5 (6): 440–452. doi:10.14662/ARJASR2017.057.
   Google Scholar
• Makumba, W., F. K. Akinnifesi, B. Janssen, and O. Oenema. 2006. “Long-Term Impact of a Gliricidia-Maize Intercropping System on Carbon Sequestration in Southern Malawi.” Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 118: 237–243. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mal´Ezieux, E., Y. Crozat, C. Dupraz, M. Laurans, D. Makowski, H. Ozier-Lafontaine, B. Rapidel, S. de Tourdonnet, and M. Valantin-Morison. 2009. “Mixing Plant Species in Cropping Systems: Concepts, Tools and Models.” Agronomy for Sustainable Development 29: 43–62. doi:10.1051/agro:2007057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matusso, J. M. M., J. N. Mugwe, and M. Mucheru-Muna. 2014. “Potential Role of Cereal- Legume Intercropping Systems in Integrated Soil Fertility Management in Smallholder Farming Systems of Sub-Saharan Africa.” Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management 3 (3): 162–174.
   Google Scholar
• Mbow, C., P. Smith, D. Skole, L. Duguma, and M. Bustamante. 2014. “Achieving Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate through Sustainable Agroforestry Practices in Africa.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 6: 8–14. doi:10.1016/j.cosust2013.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mead, R., and R. W. Willey. 1980. “The Concept of a Land Equivalent Ratio and Advantages in Yields for Intercropping.” Experimental Agriculture 16 (3): 217–228. doi:10.1017/S0014479700010978.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meena, D. S., C. Gautam, O. P. Patidar, R. Singh, H. M. M. Vishwajith, and G. Prakash. 2017. “Management of Finger Millet Based Cropping Systems for Sustainable Production.” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6 (3): 676–686. doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.078.
   Google Scholar
• Mobasser, H. R., M. R. Vazirimehr, and K. Rigi. 2014. “Effect of Intercropping on Resources Use, Weed Management and Forage Quality.” International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences 4 (2): 706–713.
   Google Scholar
• Momayezi, M., R. C. Pereira, and R. Self. 2015. “Biochar and Mycorrhizal Fung Influence on Uptake by Two Pasture Species in New Zealand.” International Journal of Biosciences 6 (6): 52–60. doi:10.12692/ijb/6.6.52-60.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, R.A., and D.P. Garrity. 1993. “Resource Capture and Utilization in Intercropping: Water.” Field Crops Research 34 (3–4): 303–317. doi: 10.1016/0378-4290(93)90119-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mousavi, S. R., and H. Eskandari. 2011. “A General Overview on Intercropping and Its Advantages in Sustainable Agriculture.” Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences 1 (11): 482–486.
   Google Scholar
• Mpairwe, D. R., E. N. Sabiiti, N. N. Ummuna, A. Tegegne, and P. Osuji. 2002. “Effect of Intercropping Cereal Crops with Forage Legumes and Source of Nutrients on Cereal Grain Yield and Fodder Dry Matter Yields.” African Crop Science Journal 10 (1): 81–97. doi:10.4314/acsj.v10i1.27559.
   Google Scholar
• Mthembu, B. E., T. M. Everson, and C. S. Everson. 2018. “Intercropping Maize (Zea Mays L.) With Lablab (Lablab Purpureus L.) For Sustainable Fodder Production and Quality in Smallholder Rural Farming Systems in South Africa.” Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 42 (4): 362–382. doi:10.1080/21683565.2017.1393649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, C. I., M. A. Altieri, and L. Vazquez. 2016. “Agroecology: Principles for the Conversion and Redesign of Farming Systems.” Journal of Ecosystem Ecography S5 (010). doi:10.4172/2157-7625.S5-010.
   Google Scholar
• Njira, K. O. W., E. Semu, J. P. Mrema, and P. C. Nalivata. 2017. “Pigeon Pea and Cowpea-Based Cropping Systems Improve Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Colonisation of Subsequent Maize on the Alfisols in Central Malawi.” International Journal of Microbiology 2017: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2017/2096314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyasasi, B. T., and E. Kisetu. 2014. “Determination of Land Productivity under Maize- Cowpea Intercropping System in Agro-Ecological Zone of Mount Uluguru in Morogoro, Tanzania.” Global Science Research Journal 2 (2): 147–157.
   Google Scholar
• Nyoki, D., and P. A. Ndakidemi. 2016. “Intercropping System, Rhizobia Inoculation, Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization: A Strategy of Soil Replenishment for Improved Crop Yield.” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 5 (10): 504–522. doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2016.510.056.
   Google Scholar
• Nyoki, D., and P.A. Ndakidemi. 2017. “Intercropping System, Rhizobia Inoculation, Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization: a Strategy Of Soil Replenishment for Improved Crop Yield.” International Journal Of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 5 (10): 504-522. doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.
   Google Scholar
• Odhiambo, J. A., B. Vanlauwe, I. M. Tabu, F. Kanampiu, and Z. Khan. 2011. “Effect of Intercropping Maize and Soybeans on Striga Hermonthica Parasitism and Yield of Maize.” Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 44 (2): 158–167. doi:10.1080/03235400902952194.
   Google Scholar
• Ogunlana, E. A., A. Noomhorm, and T. Silakul. 2010. “Alley Farming in Thailand.” Sustainability 2: 2523–2540. doi:10.3390/su2082523.
   Google Scholar
• Ong, C. K., J. Wilson, J. D. Deans, J. Mulayta, T. Raussen, and N. Wajja-Musukwe. 2002. “Tree-Crop Interactions: Manipulation of Water Use and Root Function.” Agricultural Water Management 53: 171–186. doi:10.1016/S0378-3774(01)00163-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyanga, C., K. Wua, T. Ana, J. Hea, S. Zia, Y. Yanga, and B. Wu. 2017. “Productivity, Economic, and Environmental Benefits in Intercropping of Maize with Chili and Grass.” Agronomy Journal 109 (5): 2407–2414. doi:10.2134/agronj2016.10.0579.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poeydebat, C., D. Carval, L. de Lapeyre de Bellaire, and P. Tixier. 2016. “Balancing Competition for Resources with Multiple Pest Regulation in Diversified Agroecosystems: A Process-Based Approach to Reconcile Diversification and Productivity.” Ecology and Evolution 6: 8607–8616. doi:10.1002/ece3.2453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power, A. G. 2010. “Ecosystem Services and Agriculture: Tradeoffs and Synergies.” Philosofical Transactions of the Royal Society B 365: 2959–2971. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska, S., and J. Hartschu 2014. “Modified Relay Intercropping – Lessons from 2014.” Agronomic Crops Network. Ohio State University Extension.
   Google Scholar
• Puri, A., K. P. Padda, and C. P. Chanway. 2018. “Nitrogen-Fixation by Endophytic Bacteria in Agricultural Crops: Recent Advances.” http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71988.
   Google Scholar
• Rahman, T., X. Liu, S. Hussain, S. Ahmed, G. Chen, F. Yang, L. Chen, J. Du, W. Liu, and W. Yang. 2017. “Water Use Efficiency and Evapotranspiration in Maize-Soybean Relay Strip Intercrop Systems as Affected by Planting Geometries.” PLoS One e0178332 12 (6): 1–20. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rämert, B., M. Lennartsson, and G. Davies. 2002. “The Use of Mixed Species Cropping to Manage Pests and Diseases – Theory and Practice”. UK Organic Research. Proceedings of the COR Conference, March 26-28, Aberystwyth, pp. 207–210, eds. Powell et al. http://orgprints.org/eds. Powell et al. (eds).
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro-Barros, A.I., M.J. Silva, I. Moura, J.C. Ramalho, C. Máguas#Hanson, and N.S. Ribeiro. 2018. The potential of tree and shrub legumes in agroforestry systems. Chap. 12 in Nitrogen in Agriculture – Updates, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69995. http://www.intechopen.com/books/nitrogen-in-agriculture-updates
   Google Scholar
• Romero, M. 2017. “Strength in Diversity: How Cassava Intercropping Benefits the Crops, the Farmer, and the Environment.” Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, https://ciat.cgiar.org/
   Google Scholar
• Rosenstock, T. S., K. L. Tully, C. Arias-Navarro, H. Neufeldt, K. Butterbach-Bahl, and L. V. Verchot. 2014. “Agroforestry with N-Fixing Trees: Sustainable Development’s Friend or Foe?” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 6: 15–21. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2013.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadiq, G., A. A. Khan, Inamullah, A. Rab, H. Fayyaz, G. Naz, H. Nawaz, I. Ali, H. Raza, J. Amin, S. Ali and H.A. Khan, 2017. “Impact of Phosphorus and Potassium Levels on Yield and Yield Components of Maize.” Pure and Applied Biology 6 (3): 1071–1078. doi:10.19045/bspab.2017.600114.
   Google Scholar
• Saudy, H. S. 2015. “Maize–Cowpea Intercropping as an Ecological Approach for Nitrogen-Use Rationalization and Weed Suppression.” Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 61 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1080/03650340.2014.920499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segun-Olasanmi, A. O., and A. S. Bamire. 2010. “Analysis of Costs and Returns to Maize- Cowpea Intercrop Production in Oyo State, Nigeria.” Poster presented at the Joint 3rd African Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE) and 48th Agricultural Economists Association of South Africa (AEASA) Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, September 19-23.
   Google Scholar
• Sjögren, H. 2015. “Agroforestry Systems with Trees for Biomass Production in Western Kenya.” PhD Thesis., Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Stagnari, F., A. Maggio, A. Galieni, and M. Pisante. 2017. “Multiple Benefits of Legumes for Agriculture Sustainability: An Overview.” Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture 4 (2): 1–13. doi:10.1186/s40538-016-0085-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoltz, E., and E. Nadeau. 2014. “Effects of Intercropping on Yield, Weed Incidence, Forage Quality Andsoil Residual N in Organically Grown Forage Maize (Zea Mays L.) And Faba Bean (Vicia Faba L.).” Field Crops Research 169: 21–29. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2014.09.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoltz, E., E. Nadeau, and A. C. Wallenhammar. 2013. “Intercropping Maize and Faba Bean for Silage under Swedish Climate Conditions.” Agricultural Research 2 (1): 90–97. doi:10.1007/s40003-012-0048-0.
   Google Scholar
• Swinton, S. M., F. Lupia, G. P. Robertson, and S. K. Hamilton. 2007. “Ecosystem Services and Agriculture: Cultivating Agricultural Ecosystems for Diverse Benefits.” Ecological Economics 64: 245–252. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.09.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tainton, N. M. 1999. Veld Management in South Africa. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tang, X., L. Bernard, A.. Brauman, T.. Daufresne, P.. Deleporte, D.. Desclaux, G.. Souche, S A. Placella, and P. Hinsinger. 2014. Increase in Microbial Biomass and Phosphorus Availability in The Rhizosphere Of Intercropped Cereal and Legumes under Field Conditions. Soil Bernard and Biochemistry, Elsevier, 75:86-93. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.04.001
   Google Scholar
• Tau, M. S. 2005. “Grazing Management in the Communal Rangelands of the Upper Thukela, KwaZulu-Natal.” M.Sc. thesis (unpublished)., University of KwaZulu- Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Theunissen, J., and G. Schelling. 2008. “Pest and Disease Management by Intercropping: Suppression of Thrips and Rust in Leek.” International Journal of Pest Management 42 (4): 227–234. doi:10.1080/09670879609372000.
   Google Scholar
• Tully, K. L., and D. Lawrence. 2011. “Closing the Loop: Nutrient Balances in Organic and Conventional Coffee Agroforests.” Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 35: 671–695. doi:10.1080/10440046.2011.586599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tully, K. L., D. Lawrence, and S. A. Wood. 2013. “Organically Managed Coffee Agroforests Have Larger Soil Phosphorus but Smaller Soil Nitrogen Pools than Conventionally Managed Agroforests.” Biogeochemistry. doi:10.1007/s10533-013-9842-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, T. 2013. Ohio State Research: Intercrop Soybeans May Offer Higher Yields, Financial Boost over Double Crop Soybeans. Agronomic Crops Network. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Extension.
   Google Scholar
• Undi, M., K. C. Kawonga, and R. M. Musendo. 2001. “Nutritive Value of Maize Stover/Pasture Legume Mixtures as Dry Season Supplementation for Sheep.” Small Ruminant Research 40 (3): 261–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance, C. P. 2001. “Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation and Phosphorus Acquisition. Plant Nutrition in a World of Declining Renewable Resources.” Plant Physiol 127: 390–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahbi, S., Y. Prin, J. Thioulouse, H. Sanguin, E. Baudoin, T. Maghraoui, K. Oufdou, et al. 2016. “Impact of Wheat/Faba Bean Mixed Cropping or Rotation Systems on Soil Microbial Functionalities.” Frontiers in Plant Science 7 :1364. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.01364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waktola, S. K., K. Belete, and T. Tana. 2014. “Productivity and Evaluation of Maize- Soybean Intercropping System under Rain Fed Condition at Bench-Maji Zone, Ethopia.” Sky Journal of Agricultural Research 3 (9): 158–164.
   Google Scholar
• Wan, N. F., Y. M. Cai, Y. J. Shen, X. Y. Ji, X. W. Wu, X. R. Zheng, W. Cheng, et al. 2018. “Increasing Plant Diversity with Border Crops Reduces Insecticide Use and Increases Crop Yield in Urban Agriculture.” eLife 1-21 (7): e35103. doi:10.7554/eLife.35103.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Q., Y. Li, and A. Alva. 2010. “Cropping Systems to Improve Carbon Sequestration for Mitigation of Climate Change.” Journal of Environmental Protection 1: 207–215. doi:10.4236/jep.2010.13025.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X., X. Deng, T. Pu, C. Song, T. Yong, F. Yang, X. Sun, et al. 2017. “Contribution of Interspecific Interactions and Phosphorus Application to Increasing Soil Phosphorus Availability in Relay Intercropping Systems.” Field Crop Research 204: 12–22. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2016.12.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z.G., X. Jin, X.G. Bao, X.F. Li, J.H. Zhao, J.H. Sun, P. Christie, and L. Li. 2014. “Intercropping Enhances Productivity and Maintains The Most Soil Fertility Properties Relative to Sole Cropping.” Plos One 9 (12): e113984. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wezel, A. 2015. “Agroecological Practices Enhancing Ecosystem Services: Potentials and Constraints for Future European Agriculture.” Paper presented at Agroecology and ecological intensification for a sustainable food future workshop, EXPO, Ispra (IT): Milan and JRC
   Google Scholar
• Willey, R. W. 1990. “Resource Use in Intercropping Systems.” Agricultural Water Management 17: 215–231. doi:10.1016/0378-3774(90)90069-B.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittwer, R. A., B. Dorn, W. Jossi, and M. G. A. van der Heijden. 2017. “Cover Crops Support Ecological Intensification of Arable Cropping Systems.” Scientific Reports 7: 41911. doi:10.1038/srep41911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, X., F. Wu, X. Zhou, X. Fu, Y. Tao, W. Xu, K. Pan, and S. Liu. 2016. “Effects of Intercropping with Potato Onion on the Growth of Tomato and Rhizosphere Alkaline Phosphatase Genes Diversity.” Frontiers in Plant Science 7: 846. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamane, K., A. Ikoma, and M. Iijima. 2016. “Performance of Double Cropping and Relay Intercropping for Black Soybean Production in Small-Scale Farms.” Plant Production Science 19 (4): 449–457. doi:10.1080/1343943X.2016.1164574.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Z., W. Yang, S. Li, J. Hao, Z. Su, M. Sun, Z. Gao, and C. Zhang. 2016. “Variation of Bacterial Community Diversity in Rhizosphere Soil of Sole-Cropped versus Intercropped Wheat Field after Harvest.” PLoS One 11 (3): e0150618. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., B. Yin, Y. Xie, J. Li, Z. Yang, and G. Zhang. 2015. “Legume-Cereal Intercropping Improves Forage Yield, Quality and Degradability.” PLoS One 10 (12): e0144813. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, L. 2007. “Productivity and Resource Use in Cotton and Wheat Relay Intercropping.” PhD thesis., Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar