Aging, Disablement, and Dying: Using Time-as-Process and Time-as-Resources Metrics to Chart Late-Life Change

REFERENCES

• Alwin , D. F. , Hofer , S. M. and McCammon , R. J. 2006 . “ Modeling the effects of time: Integrating demographic and developmental perspectives ” . In Handbook of aging and the social sciences , 6th , Edited by: Binstock , R. H. and George , L. K. 20 – 38 . New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Austad , S. N. 2001 . “ Concepts and theories of aging ” . In Handbook of the biology of aging , 5th , Edited by: Masoro , E. J. and Austad , S. N . 3 – 22 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baars , J. and Visser , H. 2007 . Aging and time: Multidisciplinary perspectives , Amityville, NY : Baywood Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Bäckman , L. and MacDonald , S. W. S. 2006 . Death and cognition: Synthesis and outlook . European Psychologist , 11 : 224 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltes , P. B. and Nesselroade , J. R. 1979 . “ History and rationale of longitudinal research ” . In Longitudinal research in the study of behavior and development , Edited by: Nesselroade , J. R. and Baltes , P. B. 1 – 39 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berg , S. 1996 . “ Aging, behavior, and terminal decline ” . In Handbook of the psychology of aging , 4th , Edited by: Birren , J. E. and Schaie , K. W. 323 – 337 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Birren , J. E. and Cunningham , W. R. 1985 . “ Research on the psychology of aging: Principles, concepts and theory ” . In Handbook of the psychology of aging , 2nd , Edited by: Birren , J. E. and Schaie , K. W. 3 – 34 . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Busse , E. W. 1969 . “ Theories of aging ” . In Behavior and adaptation in late life , Edited by: Busse , E. W. and Pfeiffer , E. 11 – 32 . Boston : Little, Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Comijs , H. C. , Dik , M. G. and Aartsen , M. J. 2005 . The impact of change in cognitive functioning and cognitive decline on disability, well-being, and the use of healthcare services in older persons: Results of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam . Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders , 19 : 316 – 323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehr , P. , Williamson , J. , Burke , G. L. and Psaty , B. M. 2002 . The aging and dying processes and the health of older adults . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , 55 : 269 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Featherman , D. L. and Petersen , T. 1986 . Markers of aging: Modeling the clocks that time us . Research on Aging , 8 : 339 – 365 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstorf , D. , Ram , N. , Estabrook , R. , Schupp , J. , Wagner , G. G. and Lindenberger , U. 2008 . Life satisfaction shows terminal decline in old age: Longitudinal evidence from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) . Developmental Psychology , 44 : 1148 – 1159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guralnik , J. M. , Alecxih , L. , Branch , L. G. and Wiener , J. M. 2002 . Medical and long-term care cost when older persons become more dependent . American Journal of Public Health , 92 : 1244 – 1245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heirich , M. 1964 . The use of time in the study of social change . American Sociological Review , 29 : 386 – 397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertzog , C. and Nesselroade , J. R. 2003 . Assessing psychological change in adulthood: An overview of methodological issues . Psychology and Aging , 18 : 639 – 657 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson , B. , Hofer , S. M. , Allaire , J. C. , Maldonado-Molina , M. , Piccinin , A. M. Berg , S. 2004 . Change in memory and cognitive functioning in the oldest-old: The effects of proximity to death in genetically related individuals over a six-year period . Psychology and Aging , 19 : 145 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson , B. and Zarit , S. H. 1995 . Prevalence and incidence of dementia in the oldest-old: A longitudinal study of a population-based sample of 84-90-year-olds in Sweden . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 10 : 359 – 366 .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , S. , Ford , A. B. , Moskowitz , R. W. , Jackson , B. A. and Jaffe , M. W. 1963 . Studies of illness and the aged. The index of ADL: A standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function . Journal of the American Medical Association , 185 : 914 – 923 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleemeier , R. W. 1962 . Intellectual change in the senium . Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section of the American Statistical Association , 1 : 290 – 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , S. and Schmiedek , F. 2002 . Age is not necessarily aging: Another step towards understanding the “clocks” that time aging . Gerontology , 48 : 5 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Lucas , R. E. 2007 . Long-term disability is associated with lasting changes in subjective well-being: Evidence from two nationally representative longitudinal studies . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 92 : 717 – 730 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McArdle , J. J. and Nesselroade , J. R. 2003 . “ Growth curve analysis in contemporary psychological research ” . In Handbook of psychology: Research methods in psychology , Edited by: Schinka , J. A. and Velicer , W. F. Vol. 2 , 447 – 480 . Hoboken, NJ : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• McClearn , G. , Johansson , B. , Berg , S. , Ahern , F. , Nesselroade , J. Pedersen , N. 1997 . Substantial genetic influence on cognitive abilities in twins 80+ years old . Science , 276 : 1560 – 1563 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ram , N. and Grimm , K. J. 2007 . Using simple and complex growth models to articulate developmental change: Matching theory to method . International Journal of Behavioral Development , 31 : 303 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaie , K. W. 1965 . A general model for the study of developmental problems . Psychological Bulletin , 64 : 91 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Schaie , K. W. 1986 . Beyond calendar definitions of age, time and cohort: The general developmental model revisited . Developmental Review , 6 : 252 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaie , K. W. and Hofer , S. M. 2001 . “ Longitudinal studies in aging research ” . In Handbook of the psychology of aging , 5th , Edited by: Birren , J. E. and Schaie , K. W. 53 – 77 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schroots , J. J. F. and Birren , J. E. 1990 . “ Concepts of time and aging in science ” . In Handbook of the psychology of aging , 3rd , Edited by: Birren , J. E. and Schaie , K. W. 45 – 64 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Seeman , T. E. , Bruce , M. L. and McAvay , G. J. 1996 . Social network characteristics and onset of ADL disability: MacArthur studies of successful aging . Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 51B ( 4 ) : S191 – S200 .
   Google Scholar
• Settersten , R. A. and Mayer , K. U. 1997 . The measurement of age, age structuring, and the life course . Annual Review of Sociology , 23 : 233 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer , J. D. and Willett , J. B. 2003 . Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sliwinski , M. J. , Hofer , S. M. , Hall , C. , Buschke , H. and Lipton , R. B. 2003 . Modeling memory decline in older adults: The importance of preclinical dementia, attrition, and chronological age . Psychology and Aging , 18 : 658 – 671 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sliwinski , M. J. , Stawski , R. S. , Hall , R. B. , Katz , M. , Verghese , J. and Lipton , R. B. 2006 . On the importance of distinguishing pre-terminal and terminal cognitive decline . European Psychologist , 11 : 172 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorokin , P. A. and Merton , R. K. 1937 . Social time: A methodological and functional analysis . American Journal of Sociology , 5 : 615 – 629 .
   Google Scholar
• Thorvaldsson , V. , Hofer , S. M. and Johansson , B. 2006 . Ageing and late life terminal decline: A comparison of alternative modeling approaches . European Psychologist , 11 : 196 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Verbrugge , L. M. and Jette , A. M. 1994 . The disablement process . Social Science and Medicine , 38 : 1 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , R. S. , Beckett , L. A. , Bienias , J. L. , Evans , D. A. and Bennett , D. A. 2003 . Terminal decline in cognitive function . Neurology , 60 : 1782 – 1787 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohlwill , J. F. 1973 . The study of behavioral development , Oxford, , UK : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zarit , S. H. , Johansson , B. and Berg , S. 1993 . Functional impairment and co-disability in the oldest old: A multidimensional approach . Journal of Aging and Health , 5 : 291 – 305 .
   Google Scholar
• Zarit , S. H. , Johansson , B. and Malmberg , B. 1995 . Changes in functional competency in the oldest-old: A longitudinal study . Journal of Aging and Health , 7 : 3 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar