Rethinking the Notion of “Hostility” in African American Parenting Styles

References

• Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berkel, C., Murry, V. M., Hurt, T. R., Chen, Y.-F., Brody, G. H., Simons, ..., Gibbons, F. X. (2009). It takes a village: Protecting rural African American youth in the context of racism. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(2), 175–188. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9346-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boykin, A. W. (1986). The triple quandary and the schooling of Afro-American children. The School Achievement of Minority Children: New Perspectives (pp. 57–92). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Brody, G. H., & Flor, D. L. (1998). Maternal resources, parenting practices, and child competence in rural, single-parent Black American families. Child Development, 69, 803–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, B. K. (1982). An index of empathy for children and adolescents. Child Development, 53, 413–425. doi:10.2307/1128984
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt, C. H., Simons, R. L., & Gibbons, F. X. (2012). Racial discrimination, ethnic-racial socialization, and crime: A micro-sociological model of risk and resilience. American Sociological Review, 77, 648–677. doi:10.1177/0003122412448648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., & Eisenberg, N. (2012). Prosociality: The contribution of traits, values, and self-efficacy beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1289–1303. doi:10.1037/a0025626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlo, G., & Randall, B. A. (2002). The development of a measure of prosocial behaviors for late adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 31–44. doi:10.1023/A:1014033032440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65, 1111–1119. doi:10.2307/1131308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao, R. K., & Otsuki-Clutter, M. (2011). Racial and ethnic differences: Sociocultural and contextual explanations. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 47–60. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00714
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, D., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy in conduct-disordered and comparison youth. Developmental Psychology, 32(6), 988–998. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.32.6.988
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conger, R. D. (1989). Behavioral Affect Rating Scale: Adolescent perception of father’s hostility. Unpublished instrument. Iowa State University, Ames. Iowa Youth and Families Project, 1989–1992 (ICPSR 26721). Retrieved from https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/26721/datadocumentation#
   Google Scholar
• Conger, R. D., & Ge, X. (1999). Conflict and cohesion in parent–Adolescent relations: Changes in emotional expression from early to mid-adolescence. In M. J. Cox, J. Brooks-Gunn, M. J. Cox, & J. Brooks-Gunn (Eds.), Conflict and cohesion in families: Causes and consequences (pp. 185–206). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Delfino, J. B. (2016). Fighting words? Joning as conflict talk and identity performance among African American preadolescents. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 20(5), 631–653. doi:10.1111/josl.2016.20.issue-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia Coll, C. G., & Pachter, L. M. (2002). Ethnic and minority parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 4. Social conditions and applied parenting (2nd ed., pp. 1–20). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Gottman, J. (2000). Fostering emotionally intelligent children, families, and communities. The Gottman Institute. Retrieved from http://www.gottman.com/wp-content/uploads/EMOTIONALLY_INTELLIGENT_CHILDREN_Updated2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Graham, S. (1994). Motivation in African Americans. Review of Educational Research, 64(1), 55–117. doi:10.2307/1170746
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grills, C., Cooke, D., Douglas, J., Subica, A., Villanueva, S., & Hudson, B. (2016). Culture, racial socialization, and positive African American youth development. Journal of Black Psychology, 42(4), 343–373. doi:10.1177/0095798415578004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, E. T. (1983). The dance of life: The other dimension of time. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday.
   Google Scholar
• Henry, D. B., Tolan, P. H., & Gorman-Smith, D. (2005). Cluster analysis in family psychology research. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(1), 121–132. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.19.1.121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hope, E. C., Hoggard, L. S., & Thomas, A. (2015). Emerging into adulthood in the face of racial discrimination: Physiological, psychological, and sociopolitical consequences for African American youth. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 1(4), 342–351. doi:10.1037/tps0000041
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, D., & Chen, L. (1997). When and what parents tell children about race: An examination of race-related socialization among African American families. Applied Developmental Science, 1(4), 200–214. doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0104_4
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents’ ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 747. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson-Newsom, J., Buchanan, C. M., & McDonald, R. M. (2008). Parenting and perceived maternal warmth in European American and African American adolescents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(1), 62–75. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00461.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, J. M. (2003). TRIOS: A psychological theory of the African legacy in American culture. Journal of Social Issues, 59(1), 217–242. doi:10.1111/1540-4560.t01-1-00014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochman, T. (1983). The boundary between play and nonplay in Black verbal dueling. Language in Society, 12(3), 329–337. doi:10.1017/S0047404500009970
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsey, E. W., Colwell, M. J., Frabutt, J. M., Chambers, J. C., & MacKinnon-Lewis, C. (2008). Mother-child dyadic synchrony in European American and African American families during early adolescence: Relations with self-esteem and prosocial behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 54(3), 289–315. doi:10.1353/mpq.0.0003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandara, J., & Murray, C. B. (2002). Development of an empirical typology of African American family functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 16(3), 318–337. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.16.3.318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattis, J. S., Jagers, R. J., Hatcher, C. A., Lawhon, G. D., Murphy, E. J., & Murray, Y. F. (2000). Religiosity, volunteerism, and community involvement among African American men: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Community Psychology, 28(4), 391–406. doi:10.1002/1520-6629(200007)28:4<391:AID-JCOP2>3.0.CO;2-A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon, S. D., Wernsman, J., & Parnes, A. L. (2006). Understanding prosocial behavior: The impact of empathy and gender among African American adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(1), 135–137. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nebbitt, V. (2009). Self-efficacy in African American adolescent males living in urban public housing. Journal of Black Psychology, 35(3), 295–316. doi:10.1177/0095798409333616
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nwoga, I. A. (2000). African American mothers use stories for family sexuality education. MCN: the American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 25(1). doi:10.1097/00005721-200001000-00007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ottoni-Wilhelm, M., Estell, D. B., & Perdue, N. H. (2014). Role-modeling and conversations about giving in the socialization of adolescent charitable giving and volunteering. Journal of Adolescence, 37(1), 53–66. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padilla-Walker, L. M., Nielson, M. G., & Day, R. D. (2016). The role of parental warmth and hostility on adolescents’ prosocial behavior toward multiple targets. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(3), 331–340. doi:10.1037/fam0000157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagliai, V. (2009). The art of dueling with words: Toward a new understanding of verbal duels across the world. Oral Tradition, 24(1), 61–88.
   Google Scholar
• Power, T. G. (2013). Parenting dimensions and styles: A brief history and recommendations for future research. Childhood Obesity, 9(s1), S–14. doi:10.1089/chi.2013.0034
   Google Scholar
• Rickford, J. R., & Rickford, A. E. (1976). Cut-eye and suck-teeth: African words and gestures in new world guise. The Journal of American Folklore, 89(353), 294–309. doi:10.2307/539442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scottham, K. M., Sellers, T. M., & Nguyen, H. X. (2008). A measure of racial identity in African American adolescents: The development of the multidimensional inventory of black identity- teen. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14, 297–306. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.14.4.297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers, R. M., Smith, M. A., Shelton, J. N., Rowley, S. A. J., & Chavous, T. M. (1998). Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 18–39. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skinner, E., Johnson, S., & Snyder, T. (2005). Six dimensions of parenting: A motivational model. Parenting: Science and Practice, 5(2), 175–235. doi:10.1207/s15327922par0502_3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., … Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570–585. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer, M. B. (1995). Old issues and new theorizing about African American youth: A phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory. In R. L. Taylor (Ed.), African-American youth: Their social and economic status in the United States (pp. 37–69). Westport, CT: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, M. B. (2006). Phenomenology and ecological systems theory: Development of diverse groups. In W. Damon & R. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 15. theory (6th ed., pp. 829–893). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, M. B., Noll, E., Stoltzfus, J., & Harpalani, V. (2001). Identity and school adjustment: Revising the “acting white” assumption. Educational Psychologist, 36, 21–30. doi:10.1207/S15326985EP3601_3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer, M. B., & Swanson, D. P. (2013). Opportunities and challenges to the development of healthy children and youth living in diverse communities. Development and Psychopathology, 25(4,Pt 2), 1551–1566. doi:10.1017/S095457941300076X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, M. C. (1997). Strategies of racial socialization among black parents: Mainstream, minority, and cultural messages. In R. T. Taylor, J. S. Jackson, & L. M. Chatters (Eds.), Family life in black America (pp. 201–215). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Wald, E. (2012). The dozens: A history of rap’s mama. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, J. V. (1995). Cultivating a morality of care in African American adolescents: A culture-based model of violence prevention. Harvard Educational Review, 65(2), 175–188. doi:10.17763/haer.65.2.077676x73k129681
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White-Johnson, R. L. (2015). The impact of racial socialization on the academic performance and prosocial involvement of black emerging adults. Journal of College Student Development, 56(2), 140–154. doi:10.1353/csd.2015.0015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis, W. (1992). Families with African American roots. In E. W. Lynch, M. J. Hanson, E. W. Lynch, & M. J. Hanson (Eds.), Developing cross-cultural competence: A guide for working with young children and their families (pp. 121–150). Baltimore, MD, England: Paul H. Brookes Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Young, V. H. (1974). A black American socialization pattern. American Ethnologist, 1(2), 405–413. doi:10.1525/ae.1974.1.2.02a00120
   Google Scholar
• Zheng, Y., Pasalich, D. S., Oberth, C., McMahon, R. J., & Pinderhughes, E. E. (2017). Capturing parenting as a multidimensional and dynamic construct with a person-oriented approach. Prevention Science, 18(3), 281–291. doi:10.1007/s11121-016-0665-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar